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Master-planned communities around the world are developed and purposefully planned to address housing sustainability and community connectivity; they often have a distinctive look, and appeal to a particular customer base desiring a strong, utopian-esque community. However, the lived experience of new residents joining master-planned communities has not been explored. This paper examines the lived experience of new residents within an emerging Australian master-planned estate, and reports on the first two stages of a longitudinal study focusing on the results of an online forum. This unique study presents real-life findings on a culturally diverse community. The findings reveal how the purposeful development of community identity in the early stages of the MPCommunity has not led to satisfactory levels of social infrastructure or social connectedness for the pioneering residents. The physical and social environment, as interpreted by residents against the developers’ imagined vision and marketing testimonies, has not been entirely satisfactory. Infrastructure issues—such as transport, and access to daily activities such as shopping, work, and school—were points of frustration and dissatisfaction. The findings provide insight into the challenges and opportunities for residents in a developing MPC, and further our understanding of the specific factors that inform us as to how social infrastructure can best encourage and support connection within existing and future MPC developments.

In certain critical infrastructures, correlations between cyber and physical components can be exploited to launch strategic attacks, so that disruptions to one component may affect others and possibly the entire infrastructure. Such correlations must be explicitly taken into account in ensuring the survival of the infrastructure. For large discrete infrastructures characterized by the number of cyber and physical components, we characterize the cyber-physical interactions at two levels: (i) the cyber-physical failure correlation function specifies the conditional survival probability of the cyber sub-infrastructure given that of the physical sub-infrastructure (both specified by their marginal probabilities), and (ii) individual survival probabilities of both sub-infrastructures are characterized by first-order differential conditions expressed in terms of their multiplier functions. We formulate an abstract problem of ensuring the survival probability of a cyber-physical infrastructure with discrete components as a game between the provider and attacker, whose utility functions are composed of infrastructure survival probability terms and cost terms, both expressed in terms of the number of components attacked and reinforced. We derive Nash equilibrium conditions and sensitivity functions that highlight the dependence of infrastructure survival probability on cost terms, correlation functions, multiplier functions, and sub-infrastructure survival probabilities. We apply these analytical results to characterize the defense postures of simplified models of metro systems, cloud computing infrastructures, and smart power grids.

Knowledge is regarded as a key driver of entrepreneurial activity and economic performance. Nevertheless, empirical evidence suggests that the extent to which knowledge spills over and translates into entrepreneurial activity differs tremendously across different regions. These inconsistent results expose the knowledge spillover mechanism as a concept that is not well understood. This paper is one of the few studies to propose an explanation for the seemingly inconclusive results that we find in the literature by considering the role of infrastructure in knowledge spillovers. Using a dataset of 67 countries, we examine the impact of different types of physical and digital infrastructure on the knowledge spillover mechanism. Our empirical results reveal that the extent to which knowledge translates into entrepreneurial activity largely depends upon the development of specific types of digital and physical infrastructure. This paper provides valuable insights into the knowledge spillover mechanism by identifying certain factors that influence the extent to which knowledge translates into entrepreneurial activity. Furthermore, it has important policy implications for countries to promote entrepreneurial activity and economic performance by developing certain types of physical and digital infrastructure.Plain English SummaryThis study shows that the physical and the digital infrastructure of a country play an important role in knowledge spillover entrepreneurship. We identify certain types of infrastructure that have a pronounced impact on knowledge spillover entrepreneurship. Specifically, we identify the quality of the railroad infrastructure, the quality of electricity supply, and access to fixed broadband internet to be conducive to entrepreneurial activity. Understanding which factors encourage knowledge spillover entrepreneurship is important because knowledge spillover entrepreneurship contributes to the economic performance of a country. Our findings also provide policymakers with suggestions on how to increase the level of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship within their country by highlighting the importance of specific types of physical and digital infrastructure.

Introduction/Objectives: intrapreneurship has emerged as a key driver for innovation and the consolidation of organisational capacities in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In this context, this study examines the internal and external determinants that influence the strengthening of intrapreneurship in SMEs in northwestern Mexico, identifying those that enhance or limit their innovative capacity. The objective is to analyse the key variables that condition the evaluation of entrepreneurship within SMEs, in order to identify the key elements that enhance or limit their capacity for organisational innovation. Methodology: the study adopted a quantitative, causal, explanatory and predictive cross-sectional approach, based on a survey applied to 1,012 SMEs. Likert-type scales and structural equation analysis (PLS-SEM) were used to validate the proposed hypotheses, guaranteeing the robustness of the psychometric properties and the empirical coherence of the model constructs. Results: it will be confirmed that business education, funding, and social norms have a significant positive impact on intrapreneurship. Conversely, technological infrastructure, low investment in R&D, and restrictive public policies have a negative influence. Physical infrastructure did not show a statistically significant effect. Conclusions: the results underscore the need to strengthen internal capabilities and reform the external environment in order to enhance intrapreneurship. It is recommended to invest in continuing education, technological advancement, and innovation, while also restructuring public policies to better align with the real needs of SMEs, thereby contributing to their sustainable competitiveness. RESUMEN: Introducción/Objetivo: el intraemprendimiento ha emergido como un motor clave para la innovación y la consolidación de capacidades organizativas en las pequeñas y medianas empresas (pyme). En ese contexto, este artículo examina los determinantes de carácter interno y externo que influyen en el fortalecimiento del intraemprendimiento en las pyme del noroeste de México, identifica aquellos que potencian o limitan su capacidad innovadora. Tiene como objetivo analizar las variables clave que condicionan la evaluación del emprendimiento en las pyme, a fin de identificar los elementos clave que potencian o limitan su capacidad de innovación organizacional. Metodología: el estudio adoptó un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo causal, explicativo y predictivo de corte trasversal, basado en una encuesta aplicada a 1012 pyme. Se utilizaron escalas tipo Likert y análisis de ecuaciones estructurales (PLS-SEM) para validar las hipótesis propuestas, garantizando la solidez de las propiedades psicométricas y la coherencia empírica de los constructos del modelo. Resultados: se confirmó que la educación empresarial, el financiamiento y las normas sociales tienen un efecto positivo significativo en el intraemprendimiento. Por el contrario, la infraestructura tecnológica, la baja inversión en I+D y las políticas públicas restrictivas influyen de manera negativa. La infraestructura física no mostró un efecto estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: la evidencia empírica pone en manifiesto la importancia de consolidar las capacidades internas y reformar el entorno externo para potenciar el intraemprendimiento. Se recomienda invertir en educación continua, tecnología, innovación, y reestructurar políticas públicas alineadas a las necesidades reales de las pyme, contribuyendo así a su competitividad sostenible.

The deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs) depends on the readiness of both physical and digital infrastructure. However, existing national and city-level indices often overlook deficiencies along specific routes, particularly in developing contexts such as Thailand, where infrastructure conditions vary widely. This study develops and applies a corridor-level framework to assess AV readiness on five controlled-access roads in western Bangkok. The framework evaluates key infrastructure dimensions beyond conventional vehicle requirements. In this study, infrastructure readiness means the extent to which essential physical (EV charging capacity, traffic sign visibility, and lane marking retroreflectivity) and digital (5G speed and coverage) subsystems meet minimum operational thresholds required for AV deployment. Data were collected through field measurements and secondary sources, utilizing tools such as a retroreflectometer, a handheld spectrum analyzer, and the Ookla Speedtest application. The results reveal significant contrasts for physical infrastructure, showing that traffic signage is generally satisfactory, but EV charging capacity and road marking retroreflectivity are insufficient on most routes. On the digital side, 5G coverage was generally adequate, but network speeds remained less than half of the global benchmark. Kanchanaphisek Road demonstrated comparatively higher digital readiness, whereas Ratchaphruek Road exhibited the weakest road marking conditions. These findings point out the need for stepwise enhancements to EV charging infrastructure, lane marking maintenance, and digital connectivity to support safe and reliable AV operations. The proposed framework not only provides policymakers in Thailand with a practical tool for prioritizing corridor-level investments but also offers transferability to other rapidly developing urban regions experiencing similar infrastructure challenges for AV deployment.

The continuous integration of advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) into connected and autonomous vehicles (CAV) is accelerating the transition of human-driven vehicles to a fully driverless option. The most available ADASs in current running vehicles with their functions, level of autonomy, and present scenario of CAV deployment are critically reviewed and summarized in this paper. The expected advantages with the probable and observed uncertainties of the CAV deployment are also presented. The technological accomplishments (advanced digital infrastructures along with other technologies) are incorporating rapid improvement in vehicle automation. This paper reviews the engagement of technologies in the functioning of automated vehicles and their implementation challenges. Physical infrastructures facilitate the features of automation and connectivity in moving on the roads. Various roadside infrastructures with the issues in assisting the CAV for path tracking are summarized in this paper. The reduction of lane width due to lane-keeping ADAS and replacement of human drivers (i.e., eye) by machine impacts the various geometric elements of highways. The reduced lane width and truck platooning from the integration of cooperative adaptive cruise control affect the structural performance of the pavements significantly. This paper addresses the effects of connected and automated driving on geometric elements and the structural performance of highways. In addition, various techniques to minimize the additional distresses of connected and automated driving are also explained in this paper.

This study explores the symmetric and asymmetric effects of physical infrastructure on energy consumption, economic growth, and air pollution of Pakistan over the period 1990–2019. The ARDL results for the energy consumption model suggest that aircraft carriers (ACC) and road infrastructure foster energy consumption in the short term. For the growth model, the impact of trade is negative and significant in both short run and long run. The results for environmental pollution model suggest that information communication technology (ICT) is positively associated with CO2 emissions, whereas trade is negatively associated with emissions in the short and long run. The road has a positive impact on CO2 emissions while ACC has a negative impact in the long run. The nonlinear ARDL results reveal that negative component of ICT negatively influences energy consumption, while positive component has insignificant impact. Similarly, ACC, road, and trade also exhibit asymmetric effects. ICT has a significantly negative impact on economic growth. Finally, the positive shock to road has a significantly positive impact on pollution but the negative shock has no impact. Additionally, the coefficient of ACC and trade also infer asymmetries in pollution model. The results offer important policy implications for achieving high growth and better environmental quality in Pakistan.

This study investigates the factors influencing travel behaviour change towards active mobility (AM) in the context of a suburban university in Thailand. The research framework involves developing a qualitative questionnaire for a SWOT analysis. The outcomes of this analysis inform the creation of a quantitative questionnaire called the Stated Preference Survey. This survey collects opinions from 400 randomly selected individuals representing various demographics in the study area. The collected data are then analysed using a binary logistic regression model to explore the relationship between independent variables (such as demographics, travel characteristics, and perceptions of infrastructure and amenities) and the likelihood of individuals adopting AM. The results indicate that the demographic variables, such as gender and income, played a significant role, with males and higher-income individuals showing lower likelihood of adopting AM. The presence of well-designed infrastructure with aesthetic features and rest areas along pedestrian and bicycle paths positively influenced behaviour change. Safety and security measures, including protective measures against motorcycles on pedestrian paths, installing CCTV cameras, and safe crossings, also played a crucial role. However, promotional efforts through media and applications did not significantly contribute to behaviour change. Policymakers and urban planners can use these insights to effectively encourage AM.

This study investigates the impact of physical and financial infrastructure on the dynamics of net total capital flows in BRICS economies over the period 2010–2024. Using panel data and a fixed-effects regression model with robust standard errors, it analyzes how infrastructure quality, both physical (transport, energy, and telecommunications) and financial (banking systems, capital markets, and regulation), affects private capital inflows. The results show a statistically significant positive relationship, with physical infrastructure reducing business costs and financial infrastructure improving capital allocation and investor confidence. This paper contributes novel empirical evidence linking infrastructure systems with capital flow dynamics, providing key insights for policymakers aiming to enhance resilience and attract sustainable private investment.

Patient satisfaction is a core tool for measuring the performance of the hospitals as well as the service provider and the services that they are providing to the patients. The aim of this research is to evaluate how information received, medical equipment, distance from the hospital, and physical infrastructure influenced patient satisfaction at public hospitals in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. An exploratory research technique was used. We distributed 700 questionnaires through a random method, and 579 provided proper responses. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a regression analysis were used for the data analysis. The study results illustrated that medical equipment, information received, distance from the hospital, and physical infrastructure had significantly positive impacts (p = 0.001) on patient satisfaction. To promote higher level of satisfaction, there is a need to take appropriate steps for improvement.