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The piezoelectric smart structures, which can be labeled as the cream of the crop of smart structures without overstatement, are strongly impacted by a large number of uncertainties and disturbances during operation. The present paper reviews active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) technologies developed for application in piezoelectric smart structures, focusing on measurement, analysis, estimation, and attenuation of uncertainties/disturbances in systems. It first explained vast categories of uncertainties/disturbances with their adverse influences. Then, after a brief introduction to the application of basic ADRC in smart structures, a thorough review of recently modified forms of ADRC is analyzed and classified in terms of their improvement objectives and structural characteristics. The universal advantages of ADRC in dealing with uncertainties and its improvement on the particularity of smart structures show its broad application prospects. These improved ADRC methods are reviewed by classifying them as modified ADRC for specific problems, modified ADRC by nonlinear functions, composite control based on ADRC, and ADRC based on other models. In addition, the application of other types of active anti-disturbances technologies in smart structures is reviewed to expand horizons. The main features of this review paper are summarized as follows: (1) it can provide profound understanding and flexible approaches for researchers and practitioners in designing ADRC in the field and (2) light up future directions and unsolved problems.

Piezoelectric smart structure is chosen as the piezoelectric material sensing and driving elements, and control system combine to form a structure with identification, analysis, judgment, action, and other functions. The active vibration control for structures is an important research direction.

Through combining P-type iterative learning (IL) control, model-free adaptive (MFA) control and sliding mode (SM) control, a robust model-free adaptive iterative learning (MFA-IL) control approach is presented for the active vibration control of piezoelectric smart structures. Considering the uncertainty of the interaction among actuators in the learning control process, MFA control is adopted to adaptively adjust the learning gain of the P-type IL control in order to improve the convergence speed of feedback gain. In order to enhance the robustness of the system and achieve fast response for error tracking, the SM control is integrated with the MFA control to design the appropriate learning gain. Real-time feedback gains which are extracted from controllers construct the basic probability functions (BPFs). The evidence theory is adopted to the design and experimental investigations on a piezoelectric smart cantilever plate are performed to validate the proposed control algorithm. The results demonstrate that the robust MFA-IL control presents a faster learning speed, higher robustness and better control performance in vibration suppression when compared with the P-type IL control.

To effectively suppress vibrations of the flexible solar panel, the fuzzy logic control with piezoelectric smart structure is studied. The bending moment induced in the solar panel by the PZT stack actuator is formulated. The dynamical equations of the solar panel are derived. A fuzzy logic controller which uses universal fuzzy sets is designed. Considered the characteristic of the PZT stack, only positive control voltages were loaded to it. The finite element method simulation results demonstrate that the fuzzy logic controller can suppress the vibrations of the flexible spacecraft solar panel effectively.

The active vibration control of beam is researched by using piezoelectric constrained damping structure. The energy characteristic of each layer for the piezoelectric smart constrained damping beam is completely expressed based on the finite element method and the damping layer shearing movement relationship is described by ADF model. Then the structure mechanics model for dynamic parameters is established. Applying displacement error signal, an adaptive filter controller is designed. Under the different outside disturbance, structure vibration responses with active control are analyzed. It shows that the piezoelectric smart constrained damping structure can have good control performance for the active and it has a good engineering prospects.

The feasibility of piezoelectric smart structures for cabin noise problem is studied numerically and experimentally. A rectangular enclosure, one side of which is a plate while the other sides are assumed to be rigid, is considered as a cabin. A disk-shaped piezoelectric sensor and actuator are mounted on the plate structure and the sensor signal is returned to the actuator with a negative gain. An optimal design of the piezoelectric structure for active noise control of the cabin is performed. The design variables are the locations and sizes of the disk-shaped piezoelectric actuator and sensor and the actuator gain. To model the enclosure structure, a finite element method based on a combination of three dimensional piezoelectric, flat shell and transition elements is used. For the interior acoustic medium, the theoretical solution of a rectangular cavity in the absence of any elastic structures is used and the coupling effect is included in the finite element equation. The design optimigation is performed at resonance and off-resonance frequencies, with the results showing a remarkable noise reduction in the cavity. An experimental verification of the optimally designed configuration confirms the feasibility of piezoelectric smart structures in resolving cabin noise problems.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

A comprehensive research program on active control of rotorcraft airframe vibration is detailed in this thesis. A systematic design methodology, to realize an active vibration control system, is proposed and studied. The methodology is a four-part design cycle and relies heavily on numerical computation, modeling, and analysis. The various analytical tools, models, and processes required to execute the methodology are described. Two dynamic models of the helicopter airframe and an optimization procedure for actuator placement are utilized within the methodology. The optimization procedure simultaneously determines the type of actuation, the locations to apply actuation, and the corresponding active control actions. A feasibility study is conducted to examine the effectiveness of helicopter vibration control by distributing actuators at optimal locations within the airframe, rather than confining actuation to a centralized region. Results indicate that distributed actuation is capable of greater vibration suppression and requires less control effort than a centralized actuation configuration. An analytical and experimental investigation is conducted on a scaled model of a helicopter tailboom. The scaled tailboom model is used to study the actuation design and realization issues associated with integrating dual-point actuation into a semi-monocoque airframe structure. A piezoelectric stack actuator configuration is designed and installed within the tailboom model. Experimental tests indicate the stack actuator configuration is able to produce a bending moment within the structure to suppress vibration without causing excessive localized stress in the structure.

The paper presents control system design based on a non-linear model reference adaptive control law (MRAC) used for the vibration suppression of a smart piezoelectric mechanical structure. Numerical simulation of the proposed control system is performed based on the finite element (FE) model of the structure, modally reduced in order to meet the requirements of the control system design. The MRAC problem is defined and a direct control algorithm described in the paper is suggested as a solution to the control problem. The basic MRAC algorithm is modified by augmenting the integral term of the control law in order to provide the robustness of the control system with respect to the stability. This approach provides preserving the boundness of the system states and adaptive gains, with small tracking errors over large ranges of non-ideal conditions and uncertainties. The efficiency of the suggested control for the vibration suppression is tested and shown through a numerical simulation of the funnel-shaped piezoelectric structure.

In this research, electrically characteristics of a graphene nanoplatelet (GPL)-reinforced composite (GPLRC) microdisk are explored using generalized differential quadrature method. Also, the current microstructure is coupled with a piezoelectric actuator (PIAC). The extended form of Halpin–Tsai micromechanics is used to acquire the elasticity of the structure, whereas the variation of thermal expansion, Poisson’s ratio, and density through the thickness direction is determined by the rule of mixtures. Hamilton’s principle is implemented to establish governing equations and associated boundary conditions of the GPLRC microdisk joint with PIAC. The compatibility conditions are satisfied by taking perfect bonding between the core and PIAC into consideration. Maxwell’s equation is employed to capture the piezoelectricity effects. The numerical results revealed the important role of ratios of length scale and nonlocal to thickness, outer-to-inner ratio of radius (Ro/Ri), ratio of piezoelectric to core thickness (hp/h), and GPL weight fraction (gGPL) on the critical voltage of the system. Another important consequence is that by increasing Ro/Ri, the critical voltage of the smart structure increases more intensely in comparison with the gGPL.

From last few decades, piezoelectric materials have played a vital role as a mechanism of energy harvesting, as they have the tendency to absorb energy from the environment and transform it to electrical energy that can be used to drive electronic devices directly or indirectly. The power of electronic circuits has been cut down to nano or micro watts, which leads towards the development of self-designed piezoelectric transducers that can overcome power generation problems and can be self-powered. Moreover, piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) can reduce the need for batteries, resulting in optimization of the weight of structures. These mechanisms are of great interest for many researchers, as piezoelectric transducers are capable of generating electric voltage in response to thermal, electrical, mechanical and electromagnetic input. In this review paper, Fluid Structure Interaction-based, human-based, and vibration-based energy harvesting mechanisms were studied. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative analysis of existing PEH mechanisms has been carried out.