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"polarity"
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I know opposites
\"This [book introduces] opposites ... [encouraging] readers to identify opposites in their own world\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Recent developments in the understanding of PIN polarity
Polar localization of PIN-FORMED proteins (PINs) at the plasma membrane is essential for plant development as they direct the transport of phytohormone auxin between cells. PIN polar localization to certain sides of a given cell is dynamic, strictly regulated and provides directionality to auxin flow. Signals that act upstream to control subcellular PIN localization modulate auxin distribution, thereby regulating diverse aspects of plant development. Here I summarize the current understanding of mechanisms by which PIN polarity is established, maintained and rearranged to provide a glimpse into the complexity of PIN polarity.
Journal Article
In or out?
\"Directional words are important for young learners so that they can explain spatial concepts to others. In this charming book, they'll be able to practice the terms \"in\" and \"out\" as well as other vocabulary terms. They'll be aided in their vocabulary acquisition by bright pictures that offer visual clues to the accessible text as well as a clear understanding of why in and out are opposites.
Book
The epithelial polarity program: machineries involved and their hijacking by cancer
The Epithelial Polarity Program (EPP) adapts and integrates three ancient cellular machineries to construct an epithelial cell. The polarized trafficking machinery adapts the cytoskeleton and ancestral secretory and endocytic machineries to the task of sorting and delivering different plasma membrane (PM) proteins to apical and basolateral surface domains. The domain-identity machinery builds a tight junctional fence (TJ) between apical and basolateral PM domains and adapts ancient polarity proteins and polarity lipids on the cytoplasmic side of the PM, which have evolved to perform a diversity of polarity tasks across cells and species, to provide ‘identity’ to each epithelial PM domain. The 3D organization machinery utilizes adhesion molecules as positional sensors of other epithelial cells and the basement membrane and small GTPases as integrators of positional information with the activities of the domain-identity and polarized trafficking machineries. Cancer is a disease mainly of epithelial cells (90% of human cancers are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells) that hijacks the EPP machineries, resulting in loss of epithelial polarity, which often correlates in extent with the aggressiveness of the tumor. Here, we review how the EPP integrates its three machineries and the strategies used by cancer to hijack them.
Journal Article
Front or back?
\"The concept of opposites is an important building block of early education. This brightly designed book explores opposites through the pairing of front and back. Familiar objects such as toys and animals are used as subjects, and simple sentences allow beginning readers to practice fluency and acquire new vocabulary. A concluding activity offers a chance for readers to assess their understanding\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Controlling the polarity of human gastrointestinal organoids to investigate epithelial biology and infectious diseases
Human epithelial organoids—3D spheroids derived from adult tissue stem cells—enable investigation of epithelial physiology and disease and host interactions with microorganisms, viruses and bioactive molecules. One challenge in using organoids is the difficulty in accessing the apical, or luminal, surface of the epithelium, which is enclosed within the organoid interior. This protocol describes a method we previously developed to control human and mouse organoid polarity in suspension culture such that the apical surface faces outward to the medium (apical-out organoids). Our protocol establishes apical-out polarity rapidly (24–48 h), preserves epithelial integrity, maintains secretory and absorptive functions and allows regulation of differentiation. Here, we provide a detailed description of the organoid polarity reversal method, compatible characterization assays and an example of an application of the technology—specifically the impact of host–microbe interactions on epithelial function. Control of organoid polarity expands the possibilities of organoid use in gastrointestinal and respiratory health and disease research.
The polarity of gastrointestinal organoids is reversed to study epithelial biology and host–microbe interactions. Access to the apical surface of the epithelium is increased while preserving epithelial integrity and secretory and absorptive functions.
Journal Article
Planar cell polarity in development and disease
Key Points
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is a polarity axis that organizes cells in the plane of the tissue. PCP is conserved in metazoans and is essential for proper development and tissue homeostasis.
Asymmetric and mutually exclusive subcellular enrichment of key PCP proteins patterns cells in planar-polarized tissues. PCP proteins also coordinate planar polarity between cells and control polarized behaviours by modulating the cytoskeleton.
PCP patterns develop gradually from an initially disordered state through dynamic trafficking and various feedback interactions that can influence protein localization and stability.
PCP patterns seem to be globally oriented along a pre-defined axis in a given tissue. Notably, multiple mechanistic inputs may have differential influences on PCP patterning depending on developmental timing and tissue context, and may only partially overlap in different contexts.
The morphogenetic events governed by PCP signalling are best understood in
Drosophila melanogaster
, in which the particular orientation of hairs and bristles on the fly body has served to unravel basic principles of PCP-dependent processes. Information obtained from this model has helped to better understand equivalent mechanisms in vertebrates, particularly in the context of the orientation of fluid flow mediated by multiciliated cells and cell rearrangements during convergent extension.
Mutations in PCP genes have been implicated in diverse human pathologies, and the body of evidence supporting the involvement of PCP aberrations in human birth defects continues to grow rapidly.
Planar cell polarity — the asymmetric distribution of proteins in the plane of a cell sheet — dictates the orientation of various subcellular structures and drives collective cell rearrangements. Better understanding of this conserved axis of polarity can shed light on the mechanisms of morphogenetic processes and explain the underlying causes of human birth defects.
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is an essential feature of animal tissues, whereby distinct polarity is established within the plane of a cell sheet. Tissue-wide establishment of PCP is driven by multiple global cues, including gradients of gene expression, gradients of secreted WNT ligands and anisotropic tissue strain. These cues guide the dynamic, subcellular enrichment of PCP proteins, which can self-assemble into mutually exclusive complexes at opposite sides of a cell. Endocytosis, endosomal trafficking and degradation dynamics of PCP components further regulate planar tissue patterning. This polarization propagates throughout the whole tissue, providing a polarity axis that governs collective morphogenetic events such as the orientation of subcellular structures and cell rearrangements. Reflecting the necessity of polarized cellular behaviours for proper development and function of diverse organs, defects in PCP have been implicated in human pathologies, most notably in severe birth defects.
Journal Article