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"politeness"
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Situated politeness
Pragmatic and sociolinguistic analyses of im/politeness have usually been dependent on context and cultural frames of reference. This study approached the concept from an original perspective, namely situatedness.
Book
Censorship and Cultural Sensibility
In this study of the reciprocities binding religion, politics, law, and literature, Debora Shuger offers a profoundly new history of early modern English censorship, one that bears centrally on issues still current: the rhetoric of ideological extremism, the use of defamation to ruin political opponents, the grounding of law in theological ethics, and the terrible fragility of public spheres. Starting from the question of why no one prior to the mid-1640s argued for free speech or a free press per se,Censorship and Cultural Sensibilitysurveys the texts against which Tudor-Stuart censorship aimed its biggest guns, which turned out not to be principled dissent but libels, conspiracy fantasies, and hate speech. The book explores the laws that attempted to suppress such material, the cultural values that underwrote this regulation, and, finally, the very different framework of assumptions whose gradual adoption rendered censorship illegitimate. Virtually all substantive law on language concerned defamation, regulating what one could say about other people. Hence Tudor-Stuart laws extended protection only to the person hurt by another's words, never to their speaker. In treating transgressive language as akin to battery, English law differed fundamentally from papal censorship, which construed its target as heresy. There were thus two models of censorship operative in the early modern period, both premised on religious norms, but one concerned primarily with false accusation and libel, the other with false belief and immorality. Shuger investigates the first of these models-the dominant English one-tracing its complex origins in the Roman law ofiniuriathrough medieval theological ethics and Continental jurisprudence to its continuities and discontinuities with current U.S. law. In so doing, she enables her reader to grasp how in certain contexts censorship could be understood as safeguarding both charitable community and personal dignitary rights.
eBook
Aider les Acadiens ? Bienfaisance et déportation, 1755-1776
« Études canadiennes/Canadian Studies », vol. 32, 201 p. En abordant les motivations d'administrateurs coloniaux ayant modelé leur action politique envers les déportés acadiens sur le concept de bien- faisance, Adeline Vasquez-Parra ouvre de nouvelles perspectives faisant contrepoids a une histoire ayant déja largement souligné les malveillances dont ces derniers ont largement été victimes. La relation d'aide engendrant l'acte de nommer, le fait de désigner les bénéficiaires acadiens comme des ennemis, des Français neutres, des prisonniers de guerre ou comme des réfugiés ou une communauté de familles a eu un impact sur la conception de leur identité. Deux visions se faisaient alors face : celle de la Chambre, imprégnée de sensibilité éclairée et d'humanisme, présentant les Acadiens comme un groupe de gens appauvris et en état de faiblesse, et celle des administrateurs locaux, pragmatiques, visant l'organisation sociale, l'absence de tout désordre et se demandant pourquoi il fallait aider ces étrangers, alors que les sujets anglais traversaient eux-memes de grandes difficultés.
Journal Article
Formarea terminologiei economice în limba română
Limbajul ştiinţific şi, în cadrul acestuia, sublimbajul economic reprezintă o varietate lingvistică „specială\", ale cărei trăsături sunt date de trei tipuri de condiţii, prezentate pe rând, cu referire la lucrări ale unor specialişti de prestigiu: a. lingvistice (limbă comună, limbaj ştiinţific comun, limbaje speciale şi, de aici, lexicul general al ştiinţei vs. terminologia specifică unui domeniu, asocierea codului lingvistic cu coduri non-lingvistice etc.); b. pragmatice (cu variabilele domeniu, utilizatori şi situaţie de comunicare); c. cognitive (logica organizării cunoaşterii, omonimia termenului economie în limba română - economy vs Economics în limba engleză, ansamblul ştiinţelor economice, interrelaţionate şi grupate în jurul ştiinţei fundamentale - economia politică; distincţia între economie şi afaceri (Economics vs Business). Studiul de caz se centrează asupra operei economistului englez John Maynard Keynes (1893-1946) şi priveşte modul în care termenii-cheie ai teoriei keynesiste sunt echivalaţi în lucrările academice româneşti consacrate acestuia înainte şi după 1989, precum şi în traducerea din limba engleză, în 1970, a lucrării fundamentale a economistului englez, The General Theory of Development, Interest and Money (1936)8, al cărei text este o „asociere de limbaj specializat prins în ţesătura unui vocabular comun care îi reduce caracterul formal\" (p. 247). Demersul teoretic este susţinut de exemplificări care facilitează înţelegerea poziţiei autoarei, care face, pe rând, referire la diferite aspecte ale retoricii discursului ştiinţific, precum voalarea discursului prin exces terminologic, la dificultăţile discursului definiţional, la condiţionarea culturală a structurilor conceptuale, la variabilitatea la nivel conceptual şi consecinţele acesteia, în special în direcţia încărcării ideologice a definiţiei şi, în consecinţă, a termenilor. Volumul de faţă se remarcă nu numai prin construirea unui model metodologic de identificare şi analiză a terminologiei unui domeniu în dinamica sa, ci şi prin varietatea informaţională, prin îmbinarea abordării strict lingvistice cu cea cognitivă şi pragmatică, cea terminologică propriu-zisă şi cea a teoriei şi practicii traducerii.
Journal Article
Politeness in East Asia
\"We use politeness every day when interacting with other people. Yet politeness is an impressively complex linguistic process, and studying it can tell us a lot about the social and cultural values of social groups or even a whole society, helping us to understand how humans 'encode' states of mind in their words. The traditional, stereotypical view is that people in East Asian cultures are indirect, deferential and extremely polite - sometimes more polite than seems necessary. This revealing book takes a fresh look at the phenomenon, showing that the situation is far more complex than these stereotypes would suggest. Taking examples from Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Vietnamese and Singaporean Chinese, it shows how politeness differs across countries, but also across social groups and subgroups. The first comprehensive study of the subject, this book is essential reading for those interested in intercultural communication, linguistics and East Asian languages\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Expecting politeness: perceptions of voice assistant politeness
We examined how politeness perception can change when used by a human or voice assistant in different contexts. We conducted two norming studies and two experiments. In the norming studies, we assessed the levels of positive politeness (cooperation) and negative politeness (respecting autonomy) conveyed by a range of politeness strategies across task (Norming Study 1) and social (Norming Study 2) request types. In the experiments, we tested the effect of request type and imposition level on the perception of written requests (Experiment 1) and requests spoken by a voice assistant (Experiment 2). We found that the perception of politeness strategies varied by request type. Positive politeness strategies were rated as very polite with task requests. In contrast, both positive and negative politeness strategies were rated as very polite with social requests. We also found that people expect agents to respect their autonomy more than they expect them to cooperate. Detailed studies of how request context interacts with politeness strategies to affect politeness perception have not previously been reported. Technology designers might find Tables 4 and 5 in this report especially useful for determining what politeness strategies are most appropriate for a given situation as well as what politeness strategies will evoke the desired feeling (autonomy or cooperation).
Journal Article