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This work investigated the elimination of Methyl Orange (MO) using a new adsorbent prepared from Activated Carbon (AC) with polyaniline reinforced by a simple oxidation chemical method. The prepared materials were characterized using XRD, TGA, FTIR and nitrogen adsorption isotherms. Furthermore, PANI@CA highest specific surface area values (near 332 m2 g−1) and total mesoporous volume (near 0.038 cm3 g−1) displayed the better MO removal capacity (192.52 mg g−1 at 298 K and pH 6.0), which is outstandingly higher than that of PANI (46.82 mg g−1). Besides, the process’s adsorption, kinetics, and isothermal analysis were examined using various variables such as pH, MO concentration and contact time. To pretend the adsorption kinetics, various kinetics models, the pseudo first- and pseudo second- orders, were exercised to the experimental results. The kinetic analysis revealed that the pseudo second order rate law performed better than the pseudo first order rate law in promoting the formation of the chemisorption phase. In the case of isothermal studies, an analysis of measured correlation coefficient (R2) values showed that the Langmuir model was a better match to experimental results than the Freundlich model. By regeneration experiments after five cycles, acceptable results were observed.

Polyaniline (PANI) is a famous conductive polymer, and it has received tremendous consideration from researchers in the field of nanotechnology for the improvement of sensors, optoelectronic devices, and photonic devices. PANI is doped easily by different acids and dopants because of its easy synthesis and remarkable environmental stability. This review focuses on different preparation processes of PANI thin film by chemical and physical methods. Several features of PANI thin films, such as their magnetic, redox, and antioxidant, anti-corrosion, and electrical and sensing properties, are discussed in this review. PANI is a highly conductive polymer. Given its unique properties, easy synthesis, low cost, and high environmental stability in various applications such as electronics, drugs, and anti-corrosion materials, it has attracted extensive attention. The most important PANI applications are briefly reviewed at the end of this review.

Supercapacitors currently hold a prominent position in energy storage systems due to their exceptionally high power density, although they fall behind batteries and fuel cells in terms of energy density. This paper examines contemporary approaches aimed at enhancing the energy density of supercapacitors by adopting hybrid configurations, alongside considerations of their power density, rate capability, and cycle stability. Given that electrodes play a pivotal role in supercapacitor cells, this review focuses on the design of hybrid electrode structures with elevated specific capacitance, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. Factors such as available surface area, porosity, and conductivity of the constituent materials significantly influence electrode performance, prompting the adoption of strategies such as nanostructuring. Additionally, the paper delves into the impact of novel bio-based hybrid electrolytes, drawing upon literature data to outline the fabrication of various hybrid electrode materials incorporating conducting polymers like polyaniline and polypyrrole, as well as metal oxides, carbon compounds, and hybrid electrolytes such as ionic liquids, gel polymers, aqueous, and solid polymer electrolytes. The discussion explores the contributions of different components and methodologies to overall capacitance, with a primary emphasis on the mechanisms of energy storage through non-faradic electrical double-layer capacitance and faradaic pseudo-capacitance. Furthermore, the paper addresses the electrochemical performance of hybrid components, examining their concentrations and functioning via diverse charge storage techniques.

Several industries release varying concentration of dye-laden effluent with substantial negative consequences for any receiving environmental compartment. The control of water pollution and tighter restriction on wastewater discharge directly into the environment to reduce the potential ecotoxicological effect of dyes is forcing processors to retreat and reuse process water and chemicals. Among the different available technologies, the adsorption process has been recognized to be one of the finest and cost-effective wastewater treatment technologies. Various adsorbents have been utilized to remove toxic dyes from water and wastewater. Here, we review the application of polyaniline-based polymeric adsorbent for the adsorption of dyes which have been received considerable attention. To date, various modifications of polyaniline have been explored to improve the adsorption properties. Review on the application of polyaniline for adsorption of dyes has not been present till date. This article provides relevant literature on the application of various polyaniline composites for removing dyes, and their adsorption capacities with their experimental conditions have been compiled. It is evident from the literature survey that polyaniline provides a better opportunity for scientists for the effective removal of various dye.

This work reports the facile, controlled, and low-cost synthesis of a nickel oxide and polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites-based electrode material for supercapacitor application. PANI-NiO nanocomposites with varying concentrations of NiO were synthesized via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. The XRD and FTIR support the interaction of PANI with NiO and the successful formation of the PANI-NiO-x nanocomposite. The SEM analysis showed that the NiO and PANI were mixed homogenously, in which the NiO nanomaterial was incorporated in porous PANI globular nanostructures. The multiple phases of the nanocomposite electrode material enhance the overall performance of the energy-storage behavior of the supercapacitor that was tested in 1 M H2SO4 using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Among the different nanocomposites, PANI-NiO-3 exhibit the specific capacitance of a 623 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 current density. Furthermore, the PANI-NiO-3 electrode retained 89.4% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles of GCD at a 20 A g−1 current density, indicating its significant cyclic stability. Such results suggest that PANI-NiO nanocomposite could be proposed as an appropriate electrode material for supercapacitor applications.

Polyaniline (PAni) is a widely studied conductive polymer that has unique properties such as high conductivity and stability. However, poor solubility and mechanical properties limit its prospective applications. To overcome these limitations, different synthesis methods have been developed and studied. One of these methods is to make the composites of PAni which displayed prominent results not only in addressing poor stability but also in achieving high mechanical properties. This review summarizes various synthesis methods, properties, and applications of PAni composites that have been incorporated with different materials such as carbon, carbon nanotube, graphite, graphene oxide, metal and metal oxides, metal–organic framework, bio-molecules, silica, and many more to enhance their potential applications. The most important applications of the PAni composite are briefly revealed at the end of this review and discussed appropriately.

This paper proposes a fabrication of a hyper-sensitive amperometric biosensor for paraoxon-ethyl (PE) detection. In this developed biosensor, polyaniline (PANI) and copper oxide (CuO)–based nanocomposite is used as a sensing platform. The homogeneous distribution of CuO onto the PANI matrix enhances the surface area and conductivity of the nanocomposite. Additionally, the PANI produces a compatible environment for enzyme immobilization, which further enhances the rate of electron transfer. For biosensor fabrication, the nanocomposite is deposited electrophoretically onto the ITO glass substrate and immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme is conducted onto the fabricated electrode surface. The results validate good reproducibility, good stability, and high selectivity of the fabricated biosensor (AChE/PANI@CuO/ITO). The inhibition rate of paraoxon-ethyl (PE) is recorded in the concentration range of 1–200 nM with a low limit of detection of 0.096 nM or 96 pM. The sensitivity of the developed biosensor is found to be 49.86 µA(nM)−1. The developed biosensor is further successfully accomplished for the detection of PE in real samples like rice and pulse.

The formation of 2D polyaniline (PANI) has attracted considerable interest due to its expected electronic and optoelectronic properties. Although PANIwas discovered over 150 y ago, obtaining an atomically well-defined 2D PANI framework has been a longstanding challenge. Here, we describe the synthesis of 2D PANI via the direct pyrolysis of hexaaminobenzene trihydrochloride single crystals in solid state. The 2D PANI consists of three phenyl rings sharing six nitrogen atoms, and its structural unit has the empirical formula of C₃N. The topological and electronic structures of the 2D PANI were revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy combined with a first-principle density functional theory calculation. The electronic properties of pristine 2D PANI films (undoped) showed ambipolar behaviors with a Dirac point of −37 V and an average conductivity of 0.72 S/cm. After doping with hydrochloric acid, the conductivity jumped to 1.41 × 10³ S/cm, which is the highest value for doped PANI reported to date. Although the structure of 2D PANI is analogous to graphene, it contains uniformly distributed nitrogen atoms for multifunctionality; hence, we anticipate that 2D PANI has strong potential, from wet chemistry to device applications, beyond linear PANI and other 2D materials.

One of the most important reasons for an increased mortality rate of cancer is late diagnosis. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic sensors can provide rapid and cost-effective diagnosis and monitoring of cancer biomarkers. Portable, disposable, and sensitive sarcosine solid-contact ion-selective potentiometric sensors (SC-ISEs) were fabricated as POC analyzers for the rapid determination of the prostate cancer biomarker sarcosine. Tungsten trioxide nanoparticles (WO 3 NPs), polyaniline nanoparticles (PANI NPs), and PANI-WO 3 nanocomposite were used as ion-to-electron transducers on screen-printed sensors. WO 3 NPs and PANI-WO 3 nanocomposite have not been investigated before as ion-to-electron transducer layers in potentiometric SC sensors. The designated sensors were characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and EIS. The inclusion of WO 3 and PANI in SC sensors enhanced the transduction at the interface between the screen-printed SC and the ion-selective membrane, offering lower potential drift, a longer lifetime, shorter response time, and better sensitivity. The proposed sarcosine sensors exhibited Nernstian slopes over linear response ranges 10 −3 –10 −7  M, 10 −3 –10 −8  M, 10 −5 –10 −9  M, and 10 −7 –10 −12  M for control, WO 3 NPs, PANI NPs, and PANI-WO 3 nanocomposite-based sensors, respectively. From a comparative point of view between the four sensors, PANI-WO 3 nanocomposite inclusion offered the lowest potential drift (0.5 mV h −1 ), the longest lifetime (4 months), and the best LOD (9.95 × 10 −13  M). The proposed sensors were successfully applied to determine sarcosine as a potential prostate cancer biomarker in urine without prior sample treatment steps. The WHO ASSURED criteria for point-of-care diagnostics are met by the proposed sensors. Graphical abstract

The growing demand for improved energy storage solutions has increasingly intensified the focus on developing high‐performance electrode materials. In this context, hybrid nanocomposites that integrate polymers and metal nanoparticles have emerged as potential materials for next‐generation energy storage devices. In this study, a thiophene‐derivatized polyaniline‐silver nanoparticle hybrid system (Ag‐TdPA) was synthesized through an in situ synthesis route. The resulting material was employed in the fabrication of a supercapacitor device and further utilized in an oscillator application. Electrochemical studies demonstrated a specific capacitance of 660 and 94 F.g−1 for three‐electrode and two‐electrode (device) systems, made by Ag‐TdPA, at a current density of 4.0 and 0.5 A.g−1, with the capacitance retention of 97 and 92% at 8.0 and 1.0 A.g−1, respectively, after 5000 repetitive charge–discharge cycles. The device delivered up to 37 Wh.kg−1 of energy density and 3784 W.kg−1 of power density, demonstrating its potential for energy storage applications. The Ag‐TdPA‐based device was implemented in a low‐frequency relaxation oscillator, delivering a consistent output signal at 0.47 Hz. The dual functionality of Ag‐TdPA highlights the potential as an advanced material for energy storage and signal generation in low‐power electronic systems. Thiophene‐derivatized polyaniline‐silver nanoparticle hybrid system for supercapacitor application and low frequency generation.