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Polyaniline nanoparticles (PANI NPs) in emeraldine salt (ES) and emeraldine base (EB) forms were synthesized via oxidative polymerization, with and without HCl stabilization, to investigate how subtle synthetic modifications affect structural, morphological, and gas sorption properties. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the expected chemical structures and demonstrated that HCl acts as a protonic dopant and a morphological modifier. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements showed that HCl stabilization results in smaller, more uniform NPs and improved dispersion, particularly in the protonated (ES) form. Nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) sorption studies revealed that PANI EB naturally exhibits a higher surface area and porosity due to its open‐chain structure. The addition of HCl has a stronger effect on PANI ES, increasing its pore volume and gas adsorption capacity by disrupting interchain interactions. Notably, CO2 uptake increased from 24.6 ± 1.2 to 30.6 ± 2.1 cm3/g upon stabilization, and the N2 uptake for native PANI EB was 144.4 ± 1.3 cm3/g. This work highlights the structure–function relationship between protonation state, morphology, and gas sorption behavior. By fine tuning synthesis parameters, PANI NPs with exceptional surface areas (up to 70.8 ± 2.1 m2/g) were achieved, positioning them as promising candidates for gas sorption and related environmental applications. Polyaniline nanoparticles (PANI NPs) in emeraldine salt and emeraldine base forms were synthesized with and without HCl to optimize gas sorption. HCl treated PANI ES reached a CO2 uptake of 30.6 cm3/g, while PANI EB exhibited exceptional N2 adsorption (144.4 cm3/g) and the highest reported specific surface area for oxidatively polymerized PANI (70.8 m2/g) surpassing most published results.

This work reports the facile, controlled, and low-cost synthesis of a nickel oxide and polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites-based electrode material for supercapacitor application. PANI-NiO nanocomposites with varying concentrations of NiO were synthesized via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. The XRD and FTIR support the interaction of PANI with NiO and the successful formation of the PANI-NiO-x nanocomposite. The SEM analysis showed that the NiO and PANI were mixed homogenously, in which the NiO nanomaterial was incorporated in porous PANI globular nanostructures. The multiple phases of the nanocomposite electrode material enhance the overall performance of the energy-storage behavior of the supercapacitor that was tested in 1 M H2SO4 using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Among the different nanocomposites, PANI-NiO-3 exhibit the specific capacitance of a 623 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 current density. Furthermore, the PANI-NiO-3 electrode retained 89.4% of its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles of GCD at a 20 A g−1 current density, indicating its significant cyclic stability. Such results suggest that PANI-NiO nanocomposite could be proposed as an appropriate electrode material for supercapacitor applications.

This article discusses polyaniline and graphene (PANI/G) nanocomposites synthesized from aniline monomer and different weight percentages of graphene nanoparticles using chemical oxidation method at 0 °c. The characterization of the nanocomposites was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM scans indicated that the PANI and its nanocomposite exhibited a spherical morphology, with particle diameters less than 35 nm, significantly impacted by graphene. The nanocomposite was investigated as a biological sensor, and the constructed sensor demonstrated its effectiveness in detecting glucose at various concentrations. The results indicate that nanocomposites possess significant promise for many biosensor applications.

Electrochemically converting CO 2 to value-added multi-carbon (C 2+ ) fuels and chemicals is a favorable way to achieve carbon neutrality. Herein, polyaniline/CuO nanosheets (PANI/CuO NSs) hybrid electrocatalysts are developed in order to achieve superior C 2+ selectivity by imparting PANI functional component to the CuO NSs. The decorated PANI nanoparticles (NPs) can effectively stabilize the *CO intermediates and increase their coverage on the active Cu sites, which facilitates the C–C coupling to form multi-carbon products. Benefiting from the synergetic effect of PANI and CuO NSs, best Faradaic efficiency (FE) for C 2+ product up to 66.4% at −1.6 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in a H-cell measurement and 60.0% at 400 mA·cm −2 in a flow cell measurement are demonstrated by PANI/CuO NSs-25 sample. More importantly, the C 2+ selectivity keeps stable even in a continuous measurement time period of 92 h in H-cell measurement. The present study may provide more insights for designing efficient hybrid materials toward superior C 2+ production from electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction.

Conductive polymer thin films have emerged as a versatile class of materials with immense potential in energy storage and conversion technologies due to their unique combination of electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and tunable physicochemical properties. This review comprehensively explores the role of conductive polymer thin films in three critical energy applications: supercapacitors, batteries, and solar cells. The paper examines key polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), focusing on their synthesis techniques, structural modifications, and integration strategies to enhance device performance. Recent advances in film fabrication methods, including solution processing, electrochemical deposition, and layer-by-layer assembly, are discussed with regard to achieving optimized morphology, conductivity, and electrochemical stability. Furthermore, the review highlights current challenges such as scalability, long-term durability, and interfacial compatibility, while outlining future directions for the development of high-performance, sustainable energy systems based on conductive polymer thin films.

This paper provides an overview of the application of conducting polymers (CPs) used in the design of tactile sensors. While conducting polymers can be used as a base in a variety of forms, such as films, particles, matrices, and fillers, the CPs generally remain the same. This paper, first, discusses the chemical and physical properties of conducting polymers. Next, it discusses how these polymers might be involved in the conversion of mechanical effects (such as pressure, force, tension, mass, displacement, deformation, torque, crack, creep, and others) into a change in electrical resistance through a charge transfer mechanism for tactile sensing. Polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polydimethylsiloxane, and polyacetylene, as well as application examples of conducting polymers in tactile sensors, are overviewed. Attention is paid to the additives used in tactile sensor development, together with conducting polymers. There is a long list of additives and composites, used for different purposes, namely: cotton, polyurethane, PDMS, fabric, Ecoflex, Velostat, MXenes, and different forms of carbon such as graphene, MWCNT, etc. Some design aspects of the tactile sensor are highlighted. The charge transfer and operation principles of tactile sensors are discussed. Finally, some methods which have been applied for the design of sensors based on conductive polymers, are reviewed and discussed.

This paper proposes a fabrication of a hyper-sensitive amperometric biosensor for paraoxon-ethyl (PE) detection. In this developed biosensor, polyaniline (PANI) and copper oxide (CuO)–based nanocomposite is used as a sensing platform. The homogeneous distribution of CuO onto the PANI matrix enhances the surface area and conductivity of the nanocomposite. Additionally, the PANI produces a compatible environment for enzyme immobilization, which further enhances the rate of electron transfer. For biosensor fabrication, the nanocomposite is deposited electrophoretically onto the ITO glass substrate and immobilization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme is conducted onto the fabricated electrode surface. The results validate good reproducibility, good stability, and high selectivity of the fabricated biosensor (AChE/PANI@CuO/ITO). The inhibition rate of paraoxon-ethyl (PE) is recorded in the concentration range of 1–200 nM with a low limit of detection of 0.096 nM or 96 pM. The sensitivity of the developed biosensor is found to be 49.86 µA(nM)−1. The developed biosensor is further successfully accomplished for the detection of PE in real samples like rice and pulse.

The actual manufacture of supercapacitors (SCs) is restricted by the inadequate energy density, and the energy density of devices can be properly promoted by assembling zinc-ion capacitors (ZICs) which used capacitive cathode and battery-type anode. Two-dimensional (2D) MXene has brought great focuses in the electrode research on the foundation of large redox-active surface, but the specific capacitance is still affected by the tight stacking of interlaminations. Ti 3 C 2 T x @polyaniline (PANI) heterostructures are prepared by uniformly depositing the conductive polymer PANI nanorods as the intercalation agent into the external of Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets to inhibit stacking. Subsequently, by using graphene oxide (GO)-assisted low-temperature hydrothermal self-assembly manufacture, 2D heterostructures are assembled into the three-dimensional (3D) porous crosslinked Ti 3 C 2 T x @PANI-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hydrogels. Attributed to the synergistic work of PANI nanorods, Ti 3 C 2 T X nanosheets, and 3D crosslinking frameworks of RGO to match capacitive and battery effects, 3D porous hierarchical Ti 3 C 2 T x @PANI-RGO heterostructure hydrogels have rich ion transport channels, a large number of active sites, and excellent reaction kinetics. ZIC is assembled by using Ti 3 C 2 T x @PANI-RGO heterostructure hydrogels as cathodes and zinc foil as anodes. In this work, Ti 3 C 2 T x @PANI-RGO//Zn ZIC exhibits a wide working window (2.0 V), marked specific capacitance (589.89 F·g −1 at 0.5 A·g −1 ), salient energy density (327.71 Wh·kg −1 at 513.61 W·kg −1 and 192.20 Wh·kg −1 at 13,005.87 W·kg −1 ), and durable cycling stability (97.87% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 10 A·g −1 ). This study emphasizes the device design of ZICs and the broad prospect of Ti 3 C 2 T x -based hydrogels as viable cathodes for ZICs.

For the efficient detection and monitoring of dangerous gases across a variety of sectors, gas sensors are crucial. This work is focused on the fabrication of room temperature ammonia sensor based on polyaniline (PANI) and its nanocomposite with zinc oxide (ZnO) via facile in-situ chemical polymerization method. A number of different samples with varying amount of ZnO incorporated in polyaniline matrix and studied ammonia sensing properties for the temperature range 20–100 °C. In comparison with pristine PANI and other prepared sensors, the ammonia sensor containing 20 wt% ZnO in PANI (PZ20) showed greater gas sensing performance. The proposed sensor exhibited the response of 1.43–25.24% for 5–200 ppm of NH 3 with 5 ppm as lower limit of detection and 18 s as response time. In addition, the sensor exhibited good repeatability, long-term durability and selectivity over other gaseous analytes, such as H 2 , C 2 H 5 OH, NO 2 , CO and CO 2 . The proposed ammonia sensor showed its potential towards detection of ammonia at ambient environmental conditions. Graphical abstract

Polyaniline (PANI) is a conducting polymer, widely used in gas-sensing applications. Due to its classification as a semiconductor, PANI is also used to detect reducing ammonia gas (NH3), which is a well-known and studied topic. However, easier, cheaper and more straightforward procedures for sensor fabrication are still the subject of much research. In the presented work, we describe a novel, more controllable, synthesis approach to creating NH3 PANI-based receptor elements. The PANI was electrochemically deposited via cyclic voltammetry (CV) on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). The morphology, composition and surface of the deposited PANI layer on the Au electrode were characterised with electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and profilometry. Prior to the gas-chamber measurement, the SPE was suitably modified by Au sputtering the individual connections between the three-electrode system, thus showing a feasible way of converting a conventional three-electrode electrochemical SPE system into a two-electrode NH3-gas detecting system. The feasibility of the gas measurements’ characterisation was improved using the gas analyser. The gas-sensing ability of the PANI-Au-SPE was studied in the range 32–1100 ppb of NH3, and the sensor performed well in terms of repeatability, reproducibility and sensitivity.