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An eDNA‐based assessment of Garra cambodgiensis (stonelapping minnow) distribution on a megadiverse river, the Mekong
Garra cambodgiensis (stonelapping minnow) has experienced significant population declines, prompting intensive research and management, although its distribution in river systems such as the Mekong remains obscure. Effective conservation and management necessitate accurate monitoring and survey data on the distribution of freshwater species. Traditional surveying techniques for fish may be challenging and generate insufficient data on species distribution. This study developed an eDNA‐based method for detecting G. cambodgiensis to address this void. Twenty‐one locations were surveyed. Water samples were collected in triplicate from the river's surface at each site and processed within 48 h in a dedicated laboratory. Primers and probes for G. cambodgiensis were meticulously designed and species‐specificity tested to ensure accurate detection without interference from co‐occurring species in the same geographic range. Each water sample was analysed by qPCR using six technical replicates. The results of qPCR were reported as positive with quantifiable eDNA concentration (copies/mL), below the limit of quantification, or non‐detectable. G. cambodgiensis eDNA was detected in water samples collected from 10 out of 21 sampling sites, with concentrations ranging from 8.5 to 2990.0 copies/mL. Importantly, G. cambodgiensis eDNA was consistently detected in all three replicate water samples at each site where the qPCR experiment yielded positive results. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of incorporating eDNA‐based monitoring or surveys for G. cambodgiensis in the ecologically diverse Mekong River. Monitoring based on eDNA can aid in targeting and informing conservation and management of G. cambodgiensis in its natural habitat. Comprehensive and robust information on species distribution can be obtained via an eDNA‐based survey, which could contribute to more efficient and informed decision‐making processes in fisheries management and conservation efforts. This study developed an eDNA‐based method to accurately monitor the distribution of Garra cambodgiensis in the Mekong River, where population declines have raised conservation concerns. The eDNA technique successfully detected G. cambodgiensis in water samples from 10 out of 21 survey sites, demonstrating its feasibility and effectiveness in the ecologically diverse Mekong River. This innovative approach can enhance conservation and management efforts by providing comprehensive data on species distribution, informing decision‐making processes for fisheries management and conservation initiatives.
Journal Article
Exploring Livelihood Resilience and Its Impact on Livelihood Strategy in Rural China
In an effort to mitigate ecological environments and improve human well-being, the Chinese government’s largest-ever relocation and settlement programme is underway. Measuring livelihood resilience and further assessing its impact hold the key to strengthening adaptive capacity and well-being in poverty resettlements. Using a household survey of contiguous poor areas in Southern Shaanxi, China, this research proposes a framework to examine livelihood resilience and its impact on livelihood strategies in the context of poverty alleviation resettlement. To provide more comprehensive empirical evidence, we drew on three dimensions of the previously proposed livelihood resilience framework: buffer capacity, self-organizing capacity, and learning capacity. The results show that capital endowments, social cooperation networks, transportation convenience, and skills acquired from education and rural–urban migration can significantly affect the construction of livelihood resilience. The resilience of households that were relocated because of ecological restoration is the highest, followed by households relocated because of disasters; households relocated because of poverty reduction attempts have the lowest resilience. As for indicators of livelihood resilience, physical capital assets and previous work experience play a major role in household livelihood strategies for pursuing non-farming activities, while household size, stable income, social capital, and information sharing result in diversified livelihood strategies. These findings provide policy implications for enhancing livelihood resilience capacities and improving the scope of available livelihood strategies to emerge from the poverty trap and to adapt to the new environment.
Journal Article
The Environments of the Poor in Southeast Asia, East Asia and the Pacific
This book provides examples of possible triple-win solutions for simultaneously reducing poverty, raising the quality of the environment, and adapting to climate change. The book provides empirical evidence and observations from sixteen case studies in Southeast and East Asia, and from the Pacific. It argues that a spatial approach focussing on the environments in which the poor and vulnerable live, would trigger changes for development policies and implementation that better balance environmental and social concerns. In line with the post-2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda, emphasizing integrated development approaches for the slum poor, the upland poor, the dryland poor, the coastal poor, and the flood-affected wetland poor, would also bring the environment and poverty agenda closer.
The book emerged from a cooperation of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) with the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) in partnership with experts from research institutes and think-tanks in the Asian region.
eBook
Communal Intimacy and the Violence of Politics
Communal Intimacy and the Violence of
Politics explores the notoriously brutal
Philippine war on drugs from below. Steffen Bo Jensen and
Karl Hapal examine how the war on drugs folded itself into communal
and intimate spheres in one Manila neighborhood, Bagong Silang.
Police killings have been regular occurrences since the birth of
Bagong Silang. Communal Intimacy and the Violence of
Politics shows that although the drug war was introduced from
the outside, it fit into and perpetuated already existing gendered
and generational structures. In Bagong Silang, the war on drugs
implicated local structures of authority, including a justice
system that had always been deeply integrated into communal
relations. The ways in which the war on drugs transformed these
intimate relations between the state and its citizens, and between
neighbors, may turn out to be the most lasting impact of Duterte's
infamously violent policies.
eBook
The Impact of Digital Governance on Entrepreneurial Activity in Relatively Poor Areas: Evidence from Tibet, China
This paper examines the impact of digital governance on entrepreneurial activity in relatively poor areas from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Our study is twofold. First, we utilize a economic geography model to theoretically analyze the influence of digital governance on regional entrepreneurial endeavors and develop research hypotheses. Second, using county panel data from Tibet spanning from 2001 to 2021, we empirically examine the influence of digital governance on entrepreneurial activity. The results show that digital governance can significantly increase regional entrepreneurial activity, and that the effect exhibits an upward and then a downward trend over time, with some spatial spillover effects. We argue that differences in regional network infrastructure are an important heterogeneity factor affecting digital governance’s ability to increase entrepreneurial activity. Our conclusions remain robust to various tests.
Journal Article
Evaluating Poverty Alleviation by Relocation under the Link Policy: A Case Study from Tongyu County, Jilin Province, China
Land, nature, and the social environment in contiguous poor regions are harsh and difficult to change. The poor adaptive capacities of the socio-ecological systems of these regions are the main causes of deep, persistent poverty. In February 2016, the Chinese government issued a policy proposing to promote poverty alleviation by relocation (PAR) by means of the “Linking increases in urban construction land with decreases in rural construction land” policy (or simply, the “Link Policy” or LP), which intends to realize the sustainable social and economic development of local villages. Since then, many pilot projects have been carried out across the country based on local resources, environment, and economic development; however, few related studies on these cases have been conducted. After a review of poverty alleviation policies, this paper first introduces the unsustainable conditions of poor rural areas and the implications and advantages of PAR under the Link Policy; we then analyzed the complete PAR process, including formulation, implementation, and completion, by taking Tongyu County in Jilin Province as an example. The study found that the “whole village relocation” model practiced in Tongyu County was relatively successful in terms of improving the living environment, income, and public services of local villagers. On the other hand, there were three main problems: first, many follow-up industries were dominated by the village collectives and heavily dependent on government support or subsidies; second, the newly built village faced the dilemma of “re-hollowing” due to the out-migration of young people and the aging population; third, it was difficult to achieve a true requisition–compensation balance of farmland.
Journal Article
Government Intervention on Cooperative Development in Poor Areas of Rural China: A Case Study of XM Beekeeping Cooperative in Sichuan
The relationship between government intervention and cooperative development has always been a source of controversy in the developing world. This paper aims to examine the rationale and successful conditions of government intervention to promote cooperative development in poor areas of rural China. In the context of the “targeted poverty alleviation” program (2015–2020), a government-led campaign covering all poverty-stricken villages in west China, cooperative development was listed by the central government as a criterion for evaluating successful intervention at the county government level. Accordingly, the central questions of this paper are: why is government intervention necessary to initiate a process of cooperative development in poor areas of China; and under what conditions can government intervention be successful, leading to sustainable cooperative development? Bearing in mind the complexity of government intervention with mixed results, both successful and failed, the above questions are addressed through a case study of XM Beekeeping Cooperative, representing one type of successful government intervention in poverty-stricken and ethnic-minority-dominated regions of China. Overall, government intervention is crucial in building cooperative ecosystems in poor regions of China. However, government intervention is not invariable because the approaches can be modified to accommodate the effect of the intervention.
Journal Article
China’s Special Poor Areas and Their Geographical Conditions
Special functional areas and poor areas tend to spatially overlap, and poverty is a common feature of both. Special poor areas, taken as a kind of “policy space,” have attracted the interest of researchers and policymakers around the world. This study proposes a basic concept of special poor areas and uses this concept to develop a method to identify them. Poor counties in China are taken as the basic research unit and overlaps in spatial attributes including old revolutionary bases, borders, ecological degradation, and ethnic minorities, are used to identify special poor areas. The authors then analyze their basic quantitative structure and pattern of distribution to determine the geographical bases’ formation and development. The results show that 304 counties in China, covering a vast territory of 12 contiguous areas that contain a small population, are lagging behind the rest of the country. These areas are characterized by rich energy and resource endowments, important ecological functions, special historical status, and concentrated poverty. They are considered “special poor” for geographical reasons such as a relatively harsh natural geographical environment, remote location, deteriorating ecological environment, and an inadequate infrastructure network and public service system. Some areas suffer from underdevelopment and even lack the infrastructure for basic living. In order to prevent further deterioration of the economic, social, and ecological environments in these areas, targeted policies need to be implemented.
Journal Article
Marine Spatial Planning in a Transboundary Context: Linking Baja California with California's Network of Marine Protected Areas
It is acknowledged that an effective path to globally protect marine ecosystems is through the establishment of eco-regional scale networks of MPAs spanning across national frontiers. In this work we aimed to plan for regionally feasible networks of MPAs that can be ecologically linked with an existing one in a transboundary context. We illustrate our exercise in the Ensendense eco-region, a shared marine ecosystem between the south of California, United States of America (USA), and the north of Baja California, Mexico; where conservation actions differ across the border. In the USA, California recently established a network of MPAs through the Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA), while in Mexico: Baja California lacks a network of MPAs or a marine spatial planning effort to establish it. We generated four different scenarios with Marxan by integrating different ecological, social, and management considerations (habitat representation, opportunity costs, habitat condition, and enforcement costs). To do so, we characterized and collected biophysical and socio-economic information for Baja California and developed novel approaches to quantify and incorporate some of these considerations. We were able to design feasible networks of MPAs in Baja California that are ecologically linked with California’s network (met between 78.5 and 84.4% of the MLPA guidelines) and that would represent a low cost for fishers and aquaculture investors. We found that when multiple considerations are integrated more priority areas for conservation emerge. For our region, human distribution presents a strong gradient from north to south and resulted to be an important factor for the spatial arrangement of the priority areas. This work shows how, despite the constraints of a data-poor area, the available conservation principles, mapping, and planning tools can still be used to generate spatial conservation plans in a transboundary context.
Journal Article