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With rapid urbanization and global population growth, the amount of wasted aluminum foil is significantly increasing. Most deformed and contaminated foil is difficult to recycle; hence, it is landfilled or incinerated, causing environmental pollution. Therefore, using aluminum foil waste for electricity may be conducive to addressing environmental problems. In this regard, various literatures have explored the concept of energy generation using foil, while a crumple ball design for this purpose has not been studied. Thus, a recycled foil‐based crumpled ball triboelectric nanogenerator (RFCB‐TENG) is proposed. The crumpled ball design can minimize the effects of contamination on foil, ensuring efficient power output. Moreover, owing to novel crumpled design, the RFCB‐TENG has some outstanding characteristics to become a sustainable power source, such as ultralight weight, low noise, and high durability. By introducing the air‐breakdown model, the RFCB‐TENG achieved an output peak voltage of 648 V, a current of 8.1 mA cm 3 , and an optimum power of 162.7 mW cm 3 . The structure of the RFCB‐TENG is systemically optimized depending on the design parameters to realize the optimum output performance. Finally, the RFCB‐TENG operated 500 LEDs and 30‐W commercial lamps. This work paves the guideline for effectively fabricating the TENG using waste‐materials while exhibiting outstanding characteristics.

Early diagnosis of eye diseases improves outcomes and reduces blindness. However, diagnostic capacity in resource-poor settings is limited by a shortage of trained and equipped healthcare professionals. The Arclight device is a user-friendly, cost-effective diagnostic tool for both anterior and posterior segment eye diseases that requires minimal training. Studies have shown it to be effective for assessing the fundal reflex and performing fundoscopy; however, its accuracy and acceptability for anterior segment eye disease are still unknown. This was a cross-sectional study carried out at Mulago National Super Specialised Hospital, where 21 ophthalmic clinical officers (OCOs) were recruited from surrounding districts. Each participant evaluated eleven patients with anterior segment pathologies and one normal case using the Arclight loupe and a handheld Slit Lamp. The diagnosis and the proportion of correctly identified conditions were recorded. Focus group discussions were held to assess the acceptability of using the devices. Discussions were transcribed verbatim and analysed using latent and manifest content analysis. Of the 21 participants, 13 (61.9%) were female, with a median age of 39 (IQR: 33-49), and had practiced for 6 to 10 years, representing 76.2%. The majority of conditions were correctly identified by both the Arclight (71.2%) and handheld slit lamp (72.3%). Pterygium was the most accurately diagnosed condition (100%) with the Arclight. Based on themes from Sekhon's framework and the Technology Acceptance Model, the Arclight device was found to be highly acceptable and easy for OCOs to use. The performance of the OCOs in diagnosing anterior segment diseases with the Arclight is comparable to that of a handheld Slit lamp. It was also found to be an acceptable device for diagnostic purposes. In conclusion, the Arclight device is a suitable, low-cost alternative to the handheld Slit Lamp, especially in resource-limited settings.

Airway clearance refers to the clearing of any airway blockage caused due to foreign objects such as mud, gravel, and biomaterials such as blood, vomit, or teeth fragments using the technology of choice, portable suction devices. Currently available devices are either too heavy and bulky to be carried, or insufficiently powered to be useful despite being in accordance with the ISO 10079-1 standards. When applied to portable suction, the design and testing standards lack clinical relevancy, which is evidenced by how available portable suction devices are sparingly used in pre-hospital situations. Lack of clinical relevancy despite being in accordance with design/manufacturing standards arise due to little if any collaboration between those developing clinical standards and the bodies that maintain design and manufacturing standards. An updated set of standards is required that accurately reflects evidence-based requirements and specifications, which should promote valid, rational, and relevant engineering designs and manufacturing standards in consideration of the unique scenarios facing prehospital casualty care. This paper aims to critically review the existing standards for portable suction devices and propose modifications based on the evidence and requirements, especially for civilian prehospital and combat casualty care situations.

Mobile phone forensics is the science of retrieving data from a mobile phone under forensically sound conditions. This book is an update to Practical Mobile Forensics, Second Edition and it delves into the concepts of mobile forensics and its importance in today's world.

Osteoporosis is widespread, underdiagnosed, and disproportionately affects women and marginalized populations. With limitations in pharmacologic treatments, particularly in underserved populations, accessible, non-invasive interventions like electrical stimulation (ES) that promote osteogenesis are needed. We evaluated the effects of a portable low-frequency ES device on bone health in premenopausal women. In a 10-week, double-blind, randomized pilot study, 48 healthy premenopausal women aged 18 - 45 were assigned to either a stimulation (STIM) or placebo (NSTIM) group. Participants completed 30 supervised interval training exercise sessions with or without ES targeting the greater trochanter of the femur. Bone mineral content, area, and mineral density (BMC, BA, BMD) were assessed via DXA scans at baseline, mid-point, and post-intervention. Data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA and ANCOVA. Significant Group × Time interactions were observed for leg BMC (P = 0.013) and leg BA (P = 0.015), with the STIM group showing increases in both outcomes. The NSTIM group showed declines or incomplete recovery. No significant changes were observed in whole-body BMC or BMD. Follow-up ANCOVA confirmed significant adjusted final differences in leg BMC and BA favoring the STIM group. BMD remained stable across both groups. Targeted low-frequency ES with exercise may produce localized skeletal benefits in premenopausal women. Although a third of participants identified as Black, high attrition and randomization limited subgroup analysis. Future studies should enhance inclusion strategies and explore other anatomical sites to evaluate differential responses better. This intervention shows promise as a scalable, non-pharmacologic option for improving bone health.

This study aimed to clarify the effects of television/digital versatile disc (TV/DVD) viewing time and portable electronic device (PED) usage time on sleep duration and bedtime and the difference between the effects of TV/DVD and PED on sleep. The effect of TV/DVD viewing time or PED usage time on sleep duration and bedtime was analyzed using a multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for covariates. A total of 74,525 participants were included in the analysis, using data from Japan Environment and Children’s Study. TV/DVD viewing was not associated with short sleep duration, but PED usage was associated with short sleep duration. In addition, the risk of short sleep duration increased as PED usage time increased. We also investigated the effects of sleep habits at age 1 year on sleep at age 3 years. This study showed that late bedtime at age 1 year posed a significant risk of late bedtime at age 3 years. In summary, particular caution should be paid to PED use from a child’s health perspective, and sleep habits should be focused on bedtime from the age of 1 year.

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of early detection of fatigued gait patterns for older adults through the development of a smart portable device. The smart device incorporated seven force sensors and a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) to measure regional plantar forces and foot kinematics. Data were collected from 18 older adults walking briskly on a treadmill for 60 min. The optimal feature set for each recognition model was determined using forward sequential feature selection in a wrapper fashion through fivefold cross-validation. The recognition model was selected from four machine learning models through leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. Five selected characteristics that best represented the state of fatigue included impulse at the medial and lateral arches (increased, p = 0.002 and p < 0.001), contact angle and rotation range of angle in the sagittal plane (increased, p < 0.001), and the variability of the resultant swing angular acceleration (decreased, p < 0.001). The detection accuracy based on the dual signal source of IMU and plantar force was 99%, higher than the 95% accuracy based on the single source. The intelligent portable device demonstrated excellent generalization (ranging from 93 to 100%), real-time performance (2.79 ms), and portability (32 g). The proposed smart device can detect fatigue patterns with high precision and in real time. The application of this device possesses the potential to reduce the injury risk for older adults related to fatigue during gait.

Several illnesses that are chronic and acute are becoming more relevant as the world’s aging population expands, and the medical sector is transforming rapidly, as a consequence of which the need for “point-of-care” (POC), identification/detection, and real time management of health issues that have been required for a long time are increasing. Biomarkers are biological markers that help to detect status of health or disease. Biosensors’ applications are for screening for early detection, chronic disease treatment, health management, and well-being surveillance. Smart devices that allow continual monitoring of vital biomarkers for physiological health monitoring, medical diagnosis, and assessment are becoming increasingly widespread in a variety of applications, ranging from biomedical to healthcare systems of surveillance and monitoring. The term “smart” is used due to the ability of these devices to extract data with intelligence and in real time. Wearable, implantable, ingestible, and portable devices can all be considered smart devices; this is due to their ability of smart interpretation of data, through their smart sensors or biosensors and indicators. Wearable and portable devices have progressed more and more in the shape of various accessories, integrated clothes, and body attachments and inserts. Moreover, implantable and ingestible devices allow for the medical diagnosis and treatment of patients using tiny sensors and biomedical gadgets or devices have become available, thus increasing the quality and efficacy of medical treatments by a significant margin. This article summarizes the state of the art in portable, wearable, ingestible, and implantable devices for health status monitoring and disease management and their possible applications. It also identifies some new technologies that have the potential to contribute to the development of personalized care. Further, these devices are non-invasive in nature, providing information with accuracy and in given time, thus making these devices important for the future use of humanity.

Heart attack is one of the leading causes of human death worldwide. Every year, about 610,000 people die of heart attack in the United States alone—that is one in every four deaths—but there are well understood early symptoms of heart attack that could be used to greatly help in saving many lives and minimizing damages by detecting and reporting at an early stage. On the other hand, every year, about 2.35 million people get injured or disabled from road accidents. Unexpectedly, many of these fatal accidents happen due to the heart attack of drivers that leads to the loss of control of the vehicle. The current work proposes the development of a wearable system for real-time detection and warning of heart attacks in drivers, which could be enormously helpful in reducing road accidents. The system consists of two subsystems that communicate wirelessly using Bluetooth technology, namely, a wearable sensor subsystem and an intelligent heart attack detection and warning subsystem. The sensor subsystem records the electrical activity of the heart from the chest area to produce electrocardiogram (ECG) trace and send that to the other portable decision-making subsystem where the symptoms of heart attack are detected. We evaluated the performance of dry electrodes and different electrode configurations and measured overall power consumption of the system. Linear classification and several machine algorithms were trained and tested for real-time application. It was observed that the linear classification algorithm was not able to detect heart attack in noisy data, whereas the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm with polynomial kernel with extended time–frequency features using extended modified B-distribution (EMBD) showed highest accuracy and was able to detect 97.4% and 96.3% of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation MI (NSTEMI), respectively. The proposed system can therefore help in reducing the loss of lives from the growing number of road accidents all over the world.

Wearable devices are becoming widespread in a wide range of applications, from healthcare to biomedical monitoring systems, which enable continuous measurement of critical biomarkers for medical diagnostics, physiological health monitoring and evaluation. Especially as the elderly population grows globally, various chronic and acute diseases become increasingly important, and the medical industry is changing dramatically due to the need for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis and real-time monitoring of long-term health conditions. Wearable devices have evolved gradually in the form of accessories, integrated clothing, body attachments and body inserts. Over the past few decades, the tremendous development of electronics, biocompatible materials and nanomaterials has resulted in the development of implantable devices that enable the diagnosis and prognosis through small sensors and biomedical devices, and greatly improve the quality and efficacy of medical services. This article summarizes the wearable devices that have been developed to date, and provides a review of their clinical applications. We will also discuss the technical barriers and challenges in the development of wearable devices, and discuss future prospects on wearable biosensors for prevention, personalized medicine and real-time health monitoring.