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Metal clay animal jewellery : 20 striking projects in silver, copper and bronze
Create 20 animal-themed pieces of jewellery from silver, copper and bronze clay. The book contains a mix of rings, pendants, earrings and bracelets and is divided into five animal-themed sections: 'Perfect Pets', 'In the Jungle', 'Feathered Friends', 'Beneath the Ocean Waves'' and 'Other Beautiful Creatures'. It features stunning designs incorporating household favorites such as cats, dogs and rabbits, as well as featuring fashion-forward pieces such as a swallow ring, a bull pendant and a swan brooch.
Book
Chromium‐Induced High Covalent Co–O Bonds for Efficient Anodic Catalysts in PEM Electrolyzer
The proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE), crucial for green hydrogen production, is challenged by the scarcity and high cost of iridium‐based materials. Cobalt oxides, as ideal electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), have not been extensively applied in PEMWE, due to extremely high voltage and poor stability at large current density, caused by complicated structural variations of cobalt compounds during the OER process. Thus, the authors sought to introduce chromium into a cobalt spinel (Co3O4) catalyst to regulate the electronic structure of cobalt, exhibiting a higher oxidation state and increased Co–O covalency with a stable structure. In‐depth operando characterizations and theoretical calculations revealed that the activated Co–O covalency and adaptable redox behavior are crucial for facilitating its OER activity. Both turnover frequency and mass activity of Cr‐doped Co3O4 (CoCr) at 1.67 V (vs RHE) increased by over eight times than those of as‐synthesized Co3O4. The obtained CoCr catalyst achieved 1500 mA cm−2 at 2.17 V and exhibited notable durability over extended operation periods – over 100 h at 500 mA cm−2 and 500 h at 100 mA cm−2, demonstrating promising application in the PEMWE industry. This research reports a promising non‐precious metal anodic electrocatalyst for a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE). Owing to high covalent Co–O bonds induced by Cr, the CoCr electrocatalyst exhibits notable durability over extended operation periods, over 100 h at 500 mA cm−2 and 500 h at 100 mA cm−2, demonstrating considerable application potential in PEMWE devices.
Journal Article
Dual Doping in Precious Metal Oxides: Accelerating Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Developing a highly active and stable catalyst for acidic oxygen evolution reactions (OERs), the key half-reaction for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, has been one of the most cutting-edge topics in electrocatalysis. A dual-doping strategy optimizes the catalyst electronic environment, modifies the coordination environment, generates vacancies, and introduces strain effects through the synergistic effect of two elements to achieve high catalytic performance. In this review, we summarize the progress of dual doping in RuO2 or IrO2 for acidic OERs. The three main mechanisms of OERs are dicussed firstly, followed by a detailed examination of the development history of dual-doping catalysts, from experimentally driven dual-doping systems to machine learning (ML) and theoretical screening of dual-doping systems. Lastly, we provide a summary of the remaining challenges and future prospects, offering valuable insights into dual doping for acidic OERs.
Journal Article
Gem : the definitive visual guide
\"Feast your eyes on glittering gemstones, kaleidoscopic minerals, and famous trinkets in this comprehensive exploration of Earth's finest jewels. Following a foreword from Aja Raden, hundreds of pages take a lavish look at precious stones, precious metals, and organic gems in all their natural wonder. From agate to zoisite, everything under the Sun is encapsulated in spectacular photography and accessible text. Discover the intriguing stories of the world's most famous and fabulous gems, including the mysterious Hope Diamond, the stunning Koh-i-Noor of the Crown Jewels, and exquisite Fabergé eggs. Trace the history of gemmology, learn all about the key characteristics of precious and semi-precious stones, and discover the science behind some of their more unusual and mysterious properties\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Design and operando/in situ characterization of precious‐metal‐free electrocatalysts for alkaline water splitting
Electrochemical water splitting has attracted considerable attention for the production of hydrogen fuel by using renewable energy resources. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics make it essential to explore precious‐metal‐free electrocatalysts with superior activity and long‐term stability. Tremendous efforts have been made in exploring electrocatalysts to reduce the energy barriers and improve catalytic efficiency. This review summarizes different categories of precious‐metal‐free electrocatalysts developed in the past 5 years for alkaline water splitting. The design strategies for optimizing the electronic and geometric structures of electrocatalysts with enhanced catalytic performance are discussed, including composition modulation, defect engineering, and structural engineering. Particularly, the advancement of operando/in situ characterization techniques toward the understanding of structural evolution, reaction intermediates, and active sites during the water splitting process are summarized. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives toward achieving efficient catalyst systems for industrial applications are proposed. This review will provide insights and strategies to the design of precious‐metal‐free electrocatalysts and inspire future research in alkaline water splitting. This review summarizes recent advances in precious‐metal‐free electrocatalysts for efficient alkaline water splitting, and the design strategies for enhanced performance including component modulation, defect engineering, and structural engineering, along with insights into operando/in situ characterization for a comprehensive understanding of the structural evolution and functionalities of electrocatalysts during the water splitting reactions.
Journal Article
Layered money : from gold and dollars to Bitcoin and Central Bank Digital Currencies
In this fascinating deep dive into the evolution of monetary systems around the globe, Nik Bhatia takes us into the origins of how money has evolved to function in a \"layered\" manner. Using gold as an example of this term, he traces the layers of this ancient currency from raw mined material, to gold coins, and finally to bank-issued gold certificates. In a groundbreaking manner, Bhatia offers a similar paradigm for the evolution of digital currencies. Bhatia's analysis begins in Renaissance Florence with the gold Florin coin and a burgeoning banking culture, continues with the evolution of central banking, and concludes with a vision for the future of our international monetary system. As central banks around the world prepare to launch their own crypto-competitors, Bhatia illustrates how the invention of Bitcoin created a seismic shift in money and merged the monetary and cryptography sciences. His unique analysis of \"layered money\" illuminates money markets for the general reader and shows how Bitcoin is becoming a trusted global currency. Readers will come away with an understanding of the mechanics of our financial system, why the dollar is deeply entrenched despite its state of disrepair, and how Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and cryptocurrencies will interact in our new monetary future.
Book
Electrochemical alcohol oxidation reaction on Precious‐Metal‐Free catalysts: Mechanism, activity, and selectivity
The electrochemical alcohol oxidation reaction (AOR) is pivotal for the development of sustainable energy. The complete oxidation of alcohols has attracted extensive attention as a vital process in fuel cells. Moreover, as an alternative reaction to the oxygen evolution reaction, the selective oxidation of alcohols emerges as an effective means to lower the energy expenditure associated with electrolytic hydrogen production while yielding high‐value products. Nonprecious metal materials have been widely applied in the selective oxidation catalysis of alcohols due to their cost‐effectiveness and excellent durability. In recent years, leveraging the advantages of nonprecious metal materials in electrocatalytic AOR, researchers have delved into catalytic mechanisms and various efficient catalysts have been fabricated and evaluated. This review provides an overview of the current advancements in the electrocatalytic selective oxidation of diverse alcohols and the catalytic systems centered around nonprecious metal materials. It systematically summarizes the shared traits and distinctions in catalytic reaction characteristics across various systems, thereby laying the theoretical foundation for developing novel catalyst systems that are efficient, stable, and highly selective. This review will facilitate the utilization of nonprecious metal catalysts further toward the electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols. This review comprehensively outlines AOR's reaction pathways and mechanisms when catalyzed by nonprecious metal materials and the design strategies for high‐performance catalysts tailored to various AOR scenarios.
Journal Article
Mining, monies and culture in early modern societies : East Asian and global perspectives
This book explores substantial and methodological issues in the early modern history of mining for monetary metals and monies of Japan, China, and Europe. The largest group in the thirteen articles presents empirical research on mining, metallurgy, and metals trade in the context of global trade systems. Another group focuses on the effects of money in government and everyday life. Several articles investigate scroll paintings and material remains as sources for the history of technology, or apply Geographic Information Systems to the analysis of spatial dimensions of mining areas.
Book
Non‐precious Metal Catalysts for Two‐Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Hydrogen peroxide has been used in many industrial sectors including applications such as water purification, bleaching, oxidizing agents, and rocket fuels. As the conventional anthraquinone route of hydrogen peroxide production consumes significant energy and generates a substantial amount of chemical waste, an alternative method, the electrochemical production through the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), has garnered attention on the basis of eco‐friendly in situ synthesis with low energy input. For practical viability, the use of non‐precious metal‐based catalysts is necessary, such as a transition metal (Fe, Co, Ni)‐heteroatom (N, B, O, P, S) moiety or mesoporous structures with efficient mass transfer of the reactants and products from metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs). The ORR reaction pathway and the adsorption energy of the reaction intermediate of *OOH are affected by the combination of transition metals and heteroatoms. For the MOF, the interaction between metal and ligands, types of transition metals, and the synergistic effect between the two metal species of metal alloys can alter the ORR activity. This review discusses recently reported non‐precious metal catalysts for the two‐electron ORR focusing on modification of the atomic configuration for increasing the electrocatalytic activity towards the two‐electron ORR. Non‐precious: Non‐precious metal catalysts for the electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide are reviewed and the recently developed electrocatalysts for the two‐electron oxygen reduction are summarized. The strategies such as molecular configuration and mechanical modification are introduced to enhance catalytic activity and future outlooks for the catalysts are presented.
Journal Article