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Context/objective: The border conflict between Peru and Ecuador (1910) over the definition of their frontiers fueled the Peruvian nationalism that emerged in the nineteenth century. The trigger was a series of clashes at the Consulate and the Legate’s Office of Peru in Ecuador between March and May 1910. In the following pages, we will analyze the role of local and regional political bodies (prefectura and subprefecturas of the Andean region of Ayacucho) in the exaltation of nationalism used to collect resources and the “blood contingent” for the war. Methodology: We use discourse and documentary analysis of telegrams and memos sent from and to the prefectura and subprefecturas of Ayacucho. Originality: The role played by local authorities in constructing Peruvian nationalism has not been sufficiently addressed; however, it is of great importance since it allows us to understand the homogenizing effort of the nascent State and its multiple contradictions. Conclusions: We will note how the nationalism imposed by regional and local governments was accepted in theory. However, it was pretty diminished among citizens of all social sectors when it was needed to swell the troops.   Contexto/objetivo: El conflicto limítrofe entre Perú y Ecuador (1910) por la definición de sus fronteras avivó el emergente nacionalismo decimonónico peruano. Su detonante fue una serie de altercados ocurridos en el Consulado y la Legación de Perú en Ecuador entre los meses de marzo y mayo de 1910. En las siguientes páginas, analizaremos el papel de los organismos de política local y regional (la prefectura y las subprefecturas de la región serrana de Ayacucho) en la exaltación del nacionalismo utilizado en la recaudación de recursos y del “contingente de sangre” para la guerra. Metodología: Nos valdremos del análisis del discurso y del análisis documental de telegramas y circulares enviados desde y hacia la prefectura y las subprefecturas ayacuchanas. Originalidad: El papel desempeñado por las autoridades locales en la construcción del nacionalismo peruano no ha sido suficientemente abordado; sin embargo, reviste gran importancia ya que permite comprender el esfuerzo homogeneizador del incipiente Estado y sus múltiples contradicciones. Conclusiones: Constataremos cómo el nacionalismo impuesto por los gobiernos regionales y locales era aceptado de manera teórica, aunque se veía bastante menguado en los ciudadanos de todos los sectores sociales cuando había de servir para engrosar las tropas. Contexto/objetivo: o conflito fronteiriço entre o Peru e o Equador (1910) sobre a definição de suas fronteiras alimentou o surgimento do nacionalismo peruano do século 19. Ela foi desencadeada por uma série de altercações que ocorreram no Consulado e na Legação do Peru no Equador entre março e maio de 1910. Nas páginas a seguir, analisamos o papel dos órgãos políticos locais e regionais (a prefeitura e as subprefeituras da região montanhosa de Ayacucho) na exaltação do nacionalismo usado para angariar recursos e o “contingente de sangue” para a guerra. Metodologia: usamos análise de discurso e análise documental de telegramas e circulares enviados de e para a prefeitura e para as subprefeituras de Ayacucho. Originalidade: o papel desempenhado pelas autoridades locais na construção do nacionalismo peruano não foi suficientemente abordado; no entanto, ele é de grande importância, pois nos permite entender o esforço de homogeneização do Estado incipiente e suas múltiplas contradições. Conclusões: o nacionalismo imposto pelos governos regionais e locais foi aceito em teoria, embora tenha sido bastante enfraquecido nos cidadãos de todos os setores sociais quando teve de ser usado para aumentar as tropas.

Based on the connotation and process of innovation-driven development, we have developed a comprehensive evaluation system containing 20 indicators in five aspects, including innovation factors, innovation subjects, innovation environments, innovation outputs, and development performance, to measure the levels of innovation-driven development in Sichuan province. Selecting 21 cities and prefectures in Sichuan province as research objects, we evaluated and measured the innovation-driven development levels of each city and prefecture using the entropy weight method (EWM). According to the evaluation results, the 21 cities and prefectures were divided into four categories depending on their levels of innovation-driven development: advanced-level, high-level, medium-level, and low-level. The results show that there are obvious spatial differences in terms of innovation-driven development levels among cities and prefectures in Sichuan province. Specifically, Chengdu, Mianyang, Panzhihua, and Deyang cities rank among the top four cities because of their advanced and high levels of innovation-driven development, while other cities and prefectures are at the medium and low levels. We also analyzed the innovation-driven development policies and practices of cities and prefectures in Sichuan province, to provide guidance for implementing innovation-driven development strategies in the cities and prefectures in the future.

As an important production base for livestock and a unique ecological zone in China, the northeast Tibetan Plateau has experienced dramatic land use/land cover (LULC) changes with increasing human activities and continuous climate change. However, extensive cloud cover limits the ability of optical remote sensing satellites to monitor accurately LULC changes in this area. To overcome this problem in LULC mapping in the Ganan Prefecture, 2000–2018, we used the dense time stacking of multi-temporal Landsat images and random forest algorithm based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The dynamic trends of LULC changes were analyzed, and geographical detectors quantitatively evaluated the key driving factors of these changes. The results showed that (1) the overall classification accuracy varied between 89.14% and 91.41%, and the kappa values were greater than 86.55%, indicating that the classification results were reliably accurate. (2) The major LULC types in the study area were grassland and forest, and their area accounted for 50% and 25%, respectively. During the study period, the grassland area decreased, while the area of forest land and construction land increased to varying degrees. The land-use intensity presents multi-level intensity, and it was higher in the northeast than that in the southwest. (3) Elevation and population density were the major driving factors of LULC changes, and economic development has also significantly affected LULC. These findings revealed the main factors driving LULC changes in Gannan Prefecture and provided a reference for assisting in the development of sustainable land management and ecological protection policy decisions.

The transport network in eastern Japan was severely damaged by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. To understand the road recovery conditions after a large earthquake, a large amount of time is needed to collect information on the extent of the damage and road usage. In our previous study, we applied cluster analysis to analyze the data on driving vehicles in Fukushima prefecture to classify the road recovery conditions among municipalities within the first six months after the earthquake. However, the results of the cluster analysis and relevant factors affecting road recovery from that study were not validated. In this study, we proposed a framework for determining post-earthquake road recovery patterns and validated the cluster analysis results by using discriminant analysis and observing them on a map to identify their common characteristics. In addition, our analysis of objective data reflecting regional characteristics showed that the road recovery conditions were similar according to the topography and the importance of roads.

Quality of life and well-being are hardly ever an issue when life itself is at stake. The advantages of high-quality walkable streets and public spaces are underestimated when larger problems need to be addressed first and seemingly more serious solutions need to be applied. Hence, a quantitative approach to evacuation route planning and design prevails over a qualitative one or at least a hybrid one. The scope of the ongoing study partially presented in this paper is to find methods for addressing the complicated present and the disastrous future at the same time. The one applied in the case study reported here—Susaki City in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan, which is preparing for the next Nankai earthquake and tsunami, expected sometime soon—was a cycle of active research and international workshops organized in cooperation with the local community and administration. The aim was to understand the challenges that concern the design of dual spaces that are suitable for both everyday life and emergency situations and are connected by walkable spaces. As a result, the paper offers insight into the limits of punctual treatments as well as the relativity of objective and subjective dimensions of urban walkability in the context of risk. Despite the complexity of the issue, a walkable built environment was revealed to be a countermeasure rather than a fad.

This paper investigates whether emerging digital finance can reduce environmental pollution in China based on data from 273 of China’s prefecture-level cities spanning the period from 2010 to 2017. The dynamic spatial econometric models (DSDM) find a significant negative association between digital finance and pollutants emissions, and the impacts vary among regions and urban development stages. The impact mechanism test proves that digital finance reduces pollutants emissions through technological innovation, structural adjustment, and capital allocation effects. In addition, we explore the different dimensions of digital finance and find that the depth of use has a more practical effect on reducing emissions. Further analyses based on the threshold model show an inverted N-shaped nexus between digital finance and emissions. The threshold effect also exists in terms of the traditional financial level. Our study proves that emerging digital finance crucially affects its potential benefits to environment and provides an empirical basis for policy-makers to accelerate the digitalization of financial markets, particularly paying attention to its emission-reduction effects.

China’s urbanization surge has exacerbated sustainability challenges in resource-exhausted cities. This study employs multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) to assess 16 such cities against four regional hubs. We innovate a tri-dimensional (economic-social-environmental) framework with set pair analysis (SPA) weighting to address indicator interdependencies. Results show four cities surpassed average sustainability levels, with Zaozhuang, Jingdezhen, Jiaozuo, Liaoyuan, and Shizuishan performing poorest. Eastern/central regions outperformed northeastern/northwestern counterparts, while Shizuishan achieved optimal dimensional equilibrium. Critical barriers include foreign investment deficits and green infrastructure gaps, with social factors constraining 12 cities versus environmental limitations in Shizuishan and Wuhai. Data-driven policy pathways are proposed for sustainable transitions.

As the world’s largest developing country, China has actively implemented the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sustainable development of urban human settlements is the result of localization and the deepening of sustainable development theory in China. This study combines SDGs to construct an evaluation index system for the sustainable development of urban human settlements in China, using optimization methods, such as natural breaks (Jenks), exploratory spatial data analysis, and GeoDetector, to conduct systematic research on the spatiotemporal evolution of the current sustainable development level and analyze the core driving forces of urban human settlements in 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2000 to 2019. Our study revealed that: (1) The overall sustainable development level of urban human settlements and their subsystems in China has improved steadily, but the levels of subsystems are quite different; (2) the sustainable development level of the urban human settlements in China can be expressed as a spatial pattern of “high in the east and low in the west, high in the south and low in the north” and has relatively significant spatial correlation characteristics; notably, the development level of each subsystem has different spatial characteristics; (3) the sustainable development level of urban human settlements is mainly based on medium sustainability, and the main development model is to progress from a medium-low development level to a medium-high development level; (4) the sustainable development level of urban human settlements is mainly driven by the per capita gross domestic product (GDP), housing price-to-income ratio, investment in education and scientific research, Internet penetration, and PM2.5.

In the face of the severe challenge of global warming, promoting low-carbon emission reductions is an important measure to cope with global climate change and achieve a green cycle of sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to reveal the spatial heterogeneity of carbon emissions and the influencing factors in 286 prefecture-level-and-above cities in China, and to provide an empirical basis for the formulation of low-carbon emission reduction policies in China. This study used a combination of comparative analysis, regional difference analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and stepwise regression analysis to analyze the spatial differences in carbon emissions and their influencing factors in 286 prefecture-level-and-above cities in China, and draws the following main conclusions: (1) From 2005 to 2015, regional differences in six sectors, including household carbon emissions, widened in the 286 prefecture-level-and-above cities in China, while regional differences in 14 sectors, including rural household carbon emissions, narrowed. (2) There were significant intra-group differences in urban household carbon emissions, and the contributions to intra-group differences in carbon emissions differed across the six sectors in the northeast, east, central, and west regions. (3) Although the total and average carbon emissions of each sector increased from 2005 to 2015, China’s carbon emission intensity was decreasing, and carbon productivity is increasing. (4) Carbon emissions per capita (CCE) were positively correlated with GRP per capita, industrial SO2 emissions per capita, and the proportion of employees in the secondary sector, and negatively correlated with population density and the proportion of employees in the tertiary sector. (5) Resident savings and consumption factors, pollution emission factors, and economic structure factors had a facilitating effect on CCE, while population density factors and economic growth factors have a weakening effect on CCE.

CO2 emissions embodied in domestic trade between Japanese prefectures are gradually increasing and becoming an important growth point in the country’s CO2 emissions. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the CO2 emissions embodied in Japan’s domestic imports and exports to visualize the carbon transfer paths between prefectures according to the attributes of production and consumption: also to identify the influencing factors of the carbon flow. This study estimated the CO2 emissions embodied in domestic imports and exports by prefectures using input–output analysis, followed by the log-mean Divisia index decomposition approach, which is used to quantify the influencing factor of net export CO2 emissions across prefectures. The results show substantial regional differences in the CO2 emissions embodied in domestic imports and exports across prefectures. Manufacturing prefectures satisfy most of Japan’s domestic demand for industrial products and are the main net exporters of CO2 emissions. Carbon flow is more obvious in economically advanced regions (such as the Kanto and Kansai regions) and covers more prefectures through carbon transfer. Consumer prefectures import the most CO2 emissions and export large amounts of CO2 emissions to other prefectures. Among the three factors influencing net export CO2 emissions, the technology effect has the most significant impact through the carbon intensity of domestic trade flows. These findings highlight the substantial differences in CO2 emissions embodied in domestic trade and the influencing factors across prefectures in Japan. The responsibility for emission reduction is attributable to both manufacturing and consumer prefectures.