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Pregnant women undergo a myriad of physiological changes, including important hormonal variations. Pregnancy gingivitis is a condition that affects up to 30% to 100% of women, is related to hormonal modifications, and could play an important role in gestational gut colonization and immunological training of the newborn. Nonetheless, oral health is not always included in routine prenatal care. In this study, we collected saliva samples of pregnant women with and without pregnancy gingivitis and analyzed the oral microbiota through 16S sequencing. In addition, meconium samples from the infants of participating women were analyzed. The oral microbiota of pregnant women with and without pregnancy gingivitis did not show significant differences in diversity. However, significant differences in microbiome composition were observed. Pathway analysis showed that, despite taxonomic similarity, the PG group had activated energy metabolism, bacterial growth, lipid metabolism, and virulence pathways with NOD-like receptor activation, indicating pro-inflammatory microbial activity. In contrast, the NPG group exhibited central metabolism and repair mechanisms, suggesting that PG could affect microbiome function rather than composition. In addition, it appears that the microbiome composition of offspring of mothers with gingivitis also differs from that of offspring from mothers without gingivitis, although the number of available samples did not allow for definite conclusions. As such, a larger cohort and deeper sequencing methods are needed to assess the oral microbiota of pregnant women with and without gingivitis and to explore the possibility of bacterial translocation from the maternal gingiva to the fetal gut.

Objective: Pregnancy gingivitis and early childhood caries remain prevalent in Hong Kong. The aim of this study was to assess pregnant women's knowledge and beliefs related to pregnancy gingivitis and children's oral health. Study design: An outreach survey was carried out in a clinic that provided antenatal examination. A written oral health questionnaire related to pregnancy gingivitis and early childhood caries was administered to pregnant women. Of the 106 pregnant women who enrolled in the study, 100 completed the questionnaires. Results: Among the 100 subjects, only 39% correctly identified that hormonal changes contribute to pregnancy gingivitis. Only 36% identified red and swollen gums as signs of gingivitis. Furthermore, 53% of the surveyed pregnant women were not sure about the amount of toothpaste to administer to a child aged 18 months to 5 years. Almost 50% assumed that a replanted avulsed tooth would probably not survive within a short extra-alveolar period of less than 60 minutes. Conclusion: Prenatal women generally lack knowledge of a common oral disease that occurs during pregnancy and of what constitutes adequate oral health care for children. Oral health care education should be implemented as part of a prenatal care program.

[...]they attach to each other through receptor bridges: aggregation4. Other properties were already confirmed for platelets concerned to their anti- inflammatory and analgesic effects7-9. Since the 1990s, the use of autologous (donor and receptor are the same person) platelet rich plasma (PRP)has taken apart and built a good reputation in many branches of medical fields such as dentistry, oral surgery, orthopedics, sports medicine, dermatology, ophthalmology, cosmetic and plastic surgery10. [...]living a hard style of life makes our country empty from specialized health centers or professionals that take care of pregnants by including them is specialized programs which makes their visits to dental or health centers linked with serious problems and as the tables clarifies that 7 women out of 48 only visited dental office just for making checking as she heard via internet or by friend's advice. Data presented in table (7) shows highly significant change before and after treatment with PRP (p=0.0000) but by comparing T value of table (6) (=17.641) and (7) (=25.851) we notice that it is higher in study group than in control group, statistically the more significance we get, the higher T value will be so that leads to a conclusion that the group received PRP recorded better results in gingival index this due to two actions:- First (anti-microbial activity) on periodontium and this was approved previously by Dargo et al5 who proved that PRP is a safe autologous preparation that have an effect in suppressing bacterial growth against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus oralis, but not of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

Neutrophils are key players in both periodontal and placental immunity, undergoing profound immunometabolic and functional changes during pregnancy. Their excessive activation has been linked to gestational complications. Gingivitis, and even more so periodontitis, the advanced stage of this condition, are chronic inflammatory diseases that frequently worsen during pregnancy and have been associated with adverse outcomes such as fetal growth restriction and placental dysfunction. Although bacterial dissemination and inflammation are thought to mediate this link, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. How neutrophil activation and metabolism evolve throughout pregnancy—and how this relates to the exacerbation of periodontal inflammation—remains largely unexplored. We analyzed the immunometabolic and activation profiles of circulating neutrophils from pregnant women at 16–20 weeks and term, alongside their gingival inflammatory status. Our findings show that pregnancy reprograms neutrophil metabolism, promoting a progressive shift towards enhanced glucose utilization and increased lipid droplet accumulation at term. Basal reactive oxygen species production increased throughout pregnancy and correlated with gingival inflammation. Basal and PMA-induced neutrophil extracellular trap release also increased with gestation. Gingival crevicular fluid samples further stimulated neutrophil activation, particularly those enriched in P. gingivalis . These results reveal a dynamic immunometabolic rewiring in maternal circulating neutrophils throughout pregnancy, suggesting its modulatory role in the interplay between systemic immunity and oral inflammation.

Periodontal disease (PD) during pregnancy may trigger systemic inflammation, increasing the risk of developing cardiometabolic disease (CMD). As a consequence, PD may result in the activation of cellular and molecular pathways, affecting the disease course and pregnancy outcome. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are considered ideal biomarkers for many diseases, few studies have investigated salivary miRNAs and their role in pregnancy or neonatal outcomes. In this study, we sought to investigate the associations between salivary miRNAs of pregnant women with oral diseases and their effects on neonatal outcomes. Eleven (n = 11) salivary miRNAs from a cohort of pregnant women with oral diseases (n = 32; oral health, H; gingivitis, G; and periodontitis, P) were detected using a previous profiling analysis with an FDR < 0.20 and a fold change (FC) < 0.5 or FC > 2 for the most highly expressed miRNAs. Spearman correlations were performed for 11 salivary microRNAs associated with oral-derived inflammation, which could affect neonatal outcomes during pregnancies at risk for cardiometabolic disease (CMD), defined by the presence of a high pregestational BMI. In addition, ROC curves demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy of the markers used. Upregulation of miR-423-5p expression and a decrease in miR-27b-3p expression were detected in the P-group (p < 0.05), and ROC analysis revealed the diagnostic accuracy of miR-423-5p for discriminating oral diseases, such as gingivitis versus periodontitis (P vs. G, AUC = 0.78, p < 0.05), and for discriminating it from the healthy oral cavity (P vs. H, AUC = 0.9, p < 0.01). In addition, miR-27b-3p and miR-622 were also able to discriminate the healthy group from the P-group (AUC = 0.8, p < 0.05; AUC = 0.8, p < 0.05). miR-483-5p was able to discriminate between the G-group (AUC = 0.9, p < 0.01) and the P-group (AUC = 0.8, p < 0.05). These data support the role of salivary miRNAs as early biomarkers for neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with periodontal disease at high risk for CMD and suggest that there is cross-talk between salivary miRNAs and subclinical systemic inflammation.

An increase in the prevalence and severity of gingival inflammation during pregnancy has been reported since the 1960s. Though the etiology is not fully known, it is believed that increasing plasma sex steroid hormone levels during pregnancy have a dramatic effect on the periodontium. Current works of research have shown that estrogen and progesterone increasing during pregnancy are supposed to be responsible for gingivitis progression. This review is focused not only on epidemiological studies, but also on the effects of progesterone and estrogen on the change of subgingival microbiota and immunologic physiological mediators in periodontal tissue (gingiva and periodontal ligament), which provides current information about the effects of pregnancy on gingival inflammation.

Introduction Periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) are chronic non‐communicable inflammatory diseases. The risk of developing gingivitis and periodontitis increases during pregnancy. Also, periodontitis increases the risk of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and preeclampsia. Early diagnosis of adverse pregnancy outcomes is essential and periodontitis could be an early sign to take into consideration. Material and methods We conducted a longitudinal observational study (PERISCOPE study: CNIL, no. 1 967 084 v 0; CER, no. 01–0416) on 121 pregnant women in the first trimester to determine their oral and periodontal health status. We explored the relations between oral and periodontal health status and sociodemographic and behavior characteristics, as well as their course and outcome of pregnancy. Results A total of 47.1% of the women had periodontitis, of which only 66.7% presented clinical manifestations associated with the disease such as gingival bleeding. These women had a poorer oral and periodontal health, and a higher body mass index, and more of them developed gestational diabetes during the course of pregnancy. The remaining 33.3% showed only discreet and isolated inflammatory signs and, unless thoroughly examined, would have gone undiagnosed for periodontitis. Interestingly these women were more often primiparous, still active professionally and had had a recent oral examination. Conclusions The PERISCOPE study is one of the few studies that reports the oral and periodontal health status of pregnant women in the first trimester. Furthermore, the results highlight the need for early oral and periodontal assessment and treatment, even in the absence of exterior clinical signs, in order to prevent periodontal disease aggravation and also, by reducing low grade systemic inflammation, possibly adverse pregnancy outcomes.

IntroductionThe physiological changes in mother-infant pairs during pregnancy increase the susceptibility to a series of infections, including those of the oral cavity. Therefore, the oral and systemic health of pregnant women is related to adverse pregnancy outcomes.ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the systemic profile and periodontal status of women with a high-risk pregnancy.MethodsEighty-nine pregnant women at risk of preterm labor admitted to a hospital in southern Brazil were interviewed and received a periodontal examination. Data related to obstetric complications during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia, infections, medication use, and gestational diabetes) and systemic diseases were collected from medical records. The periodontal parameters of probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and clinical attachment level were evaluated. The data were tabulated, and statistical analysis was performed (p < 0.05).ResultsThe mean age of participants was 24 years (SD = 5.62). Gingival bleeding was recorded in 91% of the participants. The prevalence of gingivitis was 31.46%, and periodontitis was 29.21%. No association between systemic conditions and periodontal disease was observed.Conclusions and Implications for PracticePeriodontal inflammation was not associated with the systemic profile during pregnancy. However, women with high-risk pregnancies showed higher levels of gingival inflammation, emphasizing the importance of dental care during pregnancy.SignificanceThe gestational period is marked by a series of physiological changes that can be influenced by local and systemic conditions. Thus, investigating the periodontal status of pregnant women considered at risk for premature birth and evaluating associations with the systemic health of these patients can present important risk indicators for maternal and fetal health.

Different studies have documented an association between periodontal disease and low birth-weight delivery. Hence, knowledge of periodontal status during pregnancy and postpartum is important in order to reduce the risks of both diseases. This study aimed to analyze periodontal status at successive stages of pregnancy and 3-6 weeks postpartum in women with initial periodontal alterations. Ninety-six pregnant women were examined at 8-10 weeks (pregnancy diagnosis, baseline), 21-23 weeks and 34-36 weeks of gestation and at 40 days postpartum to record plaque scores, clinically assessed gingival inflammation and probing depth (mean depth and % sites with depth >3 mm). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Type 1 (α) error was established at 0.05. Plaque Index increased (p = 0.043) throughout pregnancy (baseline, 42%±0.18); 21-23 weeks, 42.6%±0.14; 34-36 weeks, 45.6%±0.13 and decreased postpartum (44.8%±0-13). Gingival Index increased (p<0.001) throughout pregnancy (baseline, 56.7%±0.20; 21-23 weeks, 66.36%±0.17; 34-36 weeks, 74.5%±0.18) and decreased postpartum (59.3%±0.21). Probing Depth increased (p<0.001) throughout pregnancy (baseline, 2.51±0.05; 21-23 weeks, 2.63±0.053; 34-36 weeks 2.81±0.055) and decreased postpartum (2.54±0.049). Percentage of sites with Probing Depth >3 mm increased (p<0.001) throughout pregnancy (baseline, 17.6%±0.16; 21-23 weeks, 23.9%±0.17; 34-36 weeks, 31.1%±0.17) and decreased postpartum (21.2%±0.17) but remained significantly (p<0.02) higher than at baseline. Periodontal status deteriorates during gestation but improves postpartum.