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Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic, declared on March 11, 2020, constitute an extraordinary health, social and economic global challenge. The impact on people's mental health is expected to be high. This paper sought to systematically review community-based studies on depression conducted during the COVID-19 and estimate the pooled prevalence of depression. Method: We searched for cross-sectional, community-based studies listed on PubMed or Web of Science from January 1, 2020 to May 8, 2020 that reported prevalence of depression. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled proportion of depression. Results: A total of 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis, with prevalence rates of depression ranging from 7.45% to 48.30%. The pooled prevalence of depression was 25% (95% CI: 18%−33%), with significant heterogeneity between studies (I2=99.60%, p<.001). Conclusions: Compared with a global estimated prevalence of depression of 3.44% in 2017, our pooled prevalence of 25% appears to be 7 times higher, thus suggesting an important impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on people's mental health. Addressing mental health during and after this global health crisis should be placed into the international and national public health agenda to improve citizens’ wellbeing. Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19, declarada el 11 de marzo de 2020, representa un reto global extraordinario a nivel sanitario, social y económico. Se espera un impacto alto en la salud mental de las personas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de estudios transversales basados en muestras comunitarias que proporcionaban la prevalencia de depresión durante la crisis del COVID-19. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda de estudios comunitarios publicados en Pubmed y Web of Science desde el 1 de enero del 2020 al 8 de mayo del 2020 y que informaron sobre la prevalencia de depresión. Se usó un modelo de efectos aleatorios para estimar la proporción agrupada de depresión. Resultados: Un total de 12 estudios fueron incluidos en el meta-análisis, con prevalencias de depresión que oscilaban entre 7,45% y 48,30%. La prevalencia agrupada de depresión fue de 25% (95% CI: 18%-33%), con heterogeneidad significativa entre estudios (I2=99,60%, p<0,001). Conclusiones: En comparación con una estimación global de depresión en 2017 del 3,44%, nuestra prevalencia agrupada del 25% es 7 veces mayor, sugiriendo un impacto importante del brote de COVID-19 en la salud mental de las personas. El abordaje de la salud mental durante y después de esta crisis global sanitaria debe ser parte de las agendas de salud pública nacionales e internacionales para mejorar el bienestar de los ciudadanos.

Introduction Although rhinitis is among the most common diseases worldwide, rhinitis prevalence in the general adult population is unclear and definitions differ widely. Objective To summarize the literature on rhinitis prevalence in the general adult population and to assess: (1) the prevalence according to different rhinitis definitions overall and in different regions of the world, and (2) the evolution of rhinitis prevalence over time. Methods We conducted an extensive literature review of publications including rhinitis prevalence using Pubmed and Scopus databases up to October 2020. We classified the definitions into three categories: unspecified rhinitis, allergic rhinitis (AR), and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR). Results Among 5878 articles screened, 184 articles were included, presenting 156 different definitions of rhinitis. Rhinitis prevalence ranged from 1% to 63%. The overall median prevalences of unspecified rhinitis, AR and NAR were 29.4%, 18.1% and 12.0%, and they varied according to the geographical location. Rhinitis prevalence tended to increase over time. Conclusions This review highlights the great heterogeneity of the definitions. The majority of studies had focused on AR, while only a few epidemiological data exist on NAR. We found geographical variability in rhinitis prevalence. Most of studies reported an increase of rhinitis prevalence over the last decades.

Mobile Surgical Units (MSUs) facilitate canine and feline sterilization in vulnerable areas of Bogotá, Colombia, expanding access to veterinary surgical services. Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant veterinary pathogen due to its role in animal morbidity and mortality, as well as its zoonotic potential. This study aimed to determine MRSA prevalence on surgeons’ gloves during MSU sterilization campaigns in Bogotá in May 2024. A survey was administered, and swab samples were collected from the internal (palmar) and interdigital glove surfaces after every five animals treated across 10 sterilization campaigns in different Bogotá localities. Samples were microbiologically processed using enriched, selective, and differential media, including CHROMagar MRSA. Data were recorded in an Excel database and analyzed using a chi-square test in RStudio to assess associations between MRSA presence and factors such as animal type (canine or feline), socioeconomic stratum, surgeon’s sex, and glove changes between procedures. The results indicated a 20% MRSA prevalence, with no significant correlations observed between MRSA presence and the studied variables. Las Unidades Móviles Quirúrgicas (UMQ) son empleadas para procedimientos quirúrgicos de esterilización canina y felina en zonas vulnerables de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia, ampliando el acceso a estos servicios quirúrgicos veterinarios. Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistente (MRSA) es un patógeno de importancia en medicina veterinaria por su capacidad de causar morbilidad y mortalidad en animales, además de su potencial zoonótico. Este estudio buscó determinar la prevalencia de MRSA en guantes de cirujanos de las UMQ durante las jornadas de esterilización en Bogotá durante mayo de 2024. Se diligenció una encuesta y se obtuvieron hisopados de la porción interna (palma) e interdigital a los guantes de los cirujanos cada 5 animales intervenidos en 10 jornadas de esterilización de diferentes localidades de Bogotá. Las muestras se procesaron microbiológicamente utilizando medios enriquecidos, selectivos y diferenciales comoel CHROMagar MRSA. Los datos se registraron en una base de datos en Excel y se realizó un análisis estadístico de chi-cuadrado por medio del programa RSTUDIO, el cual permitió evaluar la asociación entre la presencia de MRSA y factores como tipo de población (canina o felina), estrato socioeconómico, sexo del cirujano y cambio de guantes entre procedimientos. Los resultados indicaron una prevalencia de MRSA del 20% en la población analizada. No se evidenciaron correlaciones significativas entre la presencia de MRSA y las variables estudiadas.

ObjectivesTo characterise peripheral musculoskeletal involvement in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) including psoriatic arthritis (PsA), across the world.MethodsCross-sectional study with 24 participating countries. Patients with a diagnosis of axial SpA (axSpA), peripheral SpA (pSpA) or PsA according to their rheumatologist were included. The investigators were asked which diagnosis out of a list of six (axSpA, PsA, pSpA, inflammatory bowel disease-associated SpA, reactive arthritis or juvenile SpA (Juv-SpA)) fitted the patient best. Peripheral manifestations (ie, peripheral joint disease, enthesitis, dactylitis and root joint disease), their localisation and treatments were evaluated.ResultsA total of 4465 patients were included (61% men, mean age 44.5 years) from four geographic areas: Latin America (n=538), Europe plus North America (n=1677), Asia (n=975) and the Middle East plus North Africa (n=1275). Of those, 78% had ever suffered from at least one peripheral musculoskeletal manifestation; 57% had peripheral joint disease, 44% had enthesitis and 15% had dactylitis. Latin American had far more often peripheral joint disease (80%) than patients from other areas. Patients with PsA had predominantly upper limb and small joint involvement (52%).Hip and shoulder involvement was found in 34% of patients. The prevalence of enthesitis ranged between 41% in patients with axSpA and 65% in patients with Juv-SpA. Dactylitis was most frequent among patients with PsA (37%).ConclusionThese results suggest that all peripheral features can be found in all subtypes of SpA, and that differences are quantitative rather than qualitative. In a high proportion of patients, axial and peripheral manifestations coincided. These findings reconfirm SpA clinical subtypes are descendants of the same underlying disease, called SpA.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a health emergency resulting in multiple stressors that may be related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective: This study examined relationships between risk and protective factors, pandemic-related stressors, and PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data from the European Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) ADJUST Study were used. N = 4,607 trauma-exposed participants aged 18 years and above were recruited from the general populations of eleven countries (Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden) from June to November 2020. We assessed sociodemographic (e.g. gender), pandemic-related (e.g. news consumption), and health-related (e.g. general health condition) risk and protective factors, pandemic-related stressors (e.g. fear of infection), and probable PTSD (PC-PTSD-5). The relationships between these variables were examined using logistic regression on multiple imputed data sets. Results: The prevalence of probable PTSD was 17.7%. Factors associated with an increased risk for PTSD were younger age, female gender, more than 3 h of daily pandemic-related news consumption (vs. no consumption), a satisfactory, poor, or very poor health condition (vs. a very good condition), a current or previous diagnosis of a mental disorder, and trauma exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors associated with a reduced risk for PTSD included a medium and high income (vs. very low income), face-to-face contact less than once a week or 3-7 times a week (vs. no contact), and digital social contact less than once a week or 1-7 days a week (vs. no contact). Pandemic-related stressors associated with an increased risk for PTSD included governmental crisis management and communication, restricted resources, restricted social contact, and difficult housing conditions. Conclusion: We identified risk and protective factors as well as stressors that may help identify trauma-exposed individuals at risk for PTSD, enabling more efficient and rapid access to care. N =  4,607 trauma-exposed adult participants were recruited from the general population during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence for probable posttraumatic stress disorder was 17.7%. We identified risk factors (e.g. poor health condition) and protective factors (e.g. social contact) associated with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Background: Elevated prevalences of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MD) have been reported in populations exposed to war. However, no global estimates of war survivors suffering from PTSD and/or MD in absolute numbers have been reported. Objective: We made the first attempt to estimate in absolute numbers how many adult war survivors globally may suffer PTSD and/or MD, which should inform local and global mental health programmes. Method: Drawing on the Uppsala Conflict Database, we reviewed all countries that suffered at least one war within their own territory between 1989 and 2015 (time span chosen on availability of geo-referenced data and population estimates). We then conducted a meta-analysis of current randomized epidemiological surveys on prevalence of PTSD and/or MD among war survivors. Finally, we extrapolated our results from the meta-analysis on the global population of adult war survivors by means of using general population data from the United Nations. Results: We estimate that about 1.45 billion individuals worldwide have experienced war between 1989 and 2015 and were still alive in 2015, including one billion adults. On the basis of our meta-analysis, we estimate that about 354 million adult war survivors suffer from PTSD and/or MD. Of these, about 117 million suffer from comorbid PTSD and MD. Conclusions: Based on the slim available evidence base, the global number of adult war survivors suffering PTSD and/or MD is vast. Most war survivors live in low-to-middle income countries with limited means to handle the enormous mental health burden. Since representative high quality data is lacking from most of these countries, our results contain a large margin of uncertainty and should be interpreted with caution. * We estimate that 1.45 billion people worldwide have experienced war between 1989 and 2015.* We estimate that 354 million adult war survivors globally suffer from PTSD and/or MD.* We estimate that 117 million adult war survivors globally suffer from a comorbidity of PTSD+MD.* Most war survivors live in low-to-middle income countries with limited means to handle the associated mental health burden.

Research on cyberbullying started at the beginning of the 21st century and the number of studies on the topic is increasing very rapidly. Nevertheless, the criteria used to define the phenomenon and evaluation strategies are still under debate. Therefore, it is still difficult to compare the findings among the studies or to describe their prevalence in different geographic areas or time points. Thus, the current systematic review has been conducted with the objective of describing the studies on the phenomenon in Spain taking into account its different definitions and evaluation strategies in relation to its prevalence. After conducting systematic searches and applying the inclusion criteria, 29 articles reporting the results of 21 different studies were included. It was found that the number of studies on the topic in Spain is growing and that most of the definitions include the criteria of repetition, intention, and power imbalance. It was also found that timeframes and cut-off points varied greatly among the studies. All the studies used self-reports with one-item or multi-item instruments. The prevalence also varied depending on the evaluation strategies and when assessed with multi-item instruments it was about twice as high as when assessed with one-item instruments. It is suggested that specific instruments should be chosen depending on the research questions posed in each investigation and that it could be useful to unify the criteria for further advancement of the field. La investigación sobre el cyberbullying comenzó a principios del siglo XXI y el número de estudios sobre el tema ha aumentado rápidamente. No obstante, los criterios para definir el fenómeno y las estrategias de evaluación aún están siendo debatidos. Por ello, aún es difícil comparar los resultados de los distintos estudios o describir la prevalencia en distintas zonas geográficas y momentos temporales. Esta revisión sistemática se ha realizado con el objetivo de describir los estudios sobre el fenómeno en España, teniendo en cuenta las diferentes definiciones y estrategias de evaluación en relación con su prevalencia. Una vez realizadas las búsquedas sistemáticas y aplicados los criterios de inclusión, se incluyeron 29 artículos con los resultados de 21 estudios diferentes. Se encontró que el número de los estudios sobre el tema en España está aumentando y que la mayoría de las definiciones incluye los criterios de repetición, intención y desequilibrio de poder. También se encontró que el periodo de tiempo considerado y los puntos de corte varían mucho entre estudios. Todas las investigaciones utilizaron instrumentos de autoinforme, con uno o varios ítems. La prevalencia también variaba en función de las estrategias de evaluación. Así, cuando se evaluaba con instrumentos multi-ítem era aproximadamente dos veces más alta que cuando se evaluaba con instrumentos de ítem único. Se sugiere que sean elegidos instrumentos específicos en función de las preguntas de investigación planteadas en cada estudio y que podría ser útil unificar los criterios con el fin de avanzar en este campo.

Introduction: Dietary supplements (DSs) are products intended to address nutritional deficiencies and support overall health. Although DS consumption has risen globally, evidence on their use, patterns, and determinants among physically active adults in Albania remains very limited. Objectives: This study explored DS use among adults engaged in physical activity in Albania focusing on use patterns, motivations, and factors influencing intake. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and September 2025. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed among 570 individuals engaged in physical activity in Albania. Results: Overall, 52.3% of participants reported using DSs. Proteins (58.1%), vitamins and minerals (46.0%) and creatine (27.5%) were the most used supplements. The main reasons for supplement use were energy increase (44.9%), muscle gain (34.2%), and performance improvement (34.2%), all significantly associated with supplement user status (p < 0.001; q = 0.002). Supplement type was significantly related to motivations for use (all p < 0.001; q = 0.014). Weekly training hours and receiving advice from a coach were the strongest predictors of DS use in multivariable analyses (OR = 28.90 and OR = 16.62, both p < 0.001). Conclusions: DS use is common among physically active adults in Albania and is primarily influenced by training load and coach advice. Supplementation practices reflected performance and muscle-related motivations, while non-use was driven by perceptions of adequate diet and uncertainty regarding supplement efficacy. These findings provide baseline evidence to inform future research and promote safe and informed supplement use in this population. Introducción: Los suplementos dietéticos (SD) son productos destinados a abordar deficiencias nutricionales y apoyar la salud general. Aunque el consumo de SD ha aumentado globalmente, la evidencia sobre su uso, patrones y determinantes entre adultos físicamente activos en Albania sigue siendo muy limitada. Objetivos: Este estudio exploró el uso de SD entre adultos que practican actividad física en Albania, centrándose en los patrones de consumo, las motivaciones y los factores que influyen en su ingesta. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal entre marzo y septiembre de 2025. Se distribuyó un cuestionario anónimo a 570 individuos físicamente activos en Albania. Resultados: En total, el 52,3% de los participantes informó utilizar SD. Las proteínas (58,1%), las vitaminas y minerales (46,0%) y la creatina (27,5%) fueron los suplementos más consumidos. Las principales razones para el uso de suplementos fueron el aumento de energía (44,9%), la ganancia muscular (34,2%) y la mejora del rendimiento (34,2%), todas significativamente asociadas con el estado de usuario de suplementos (p < 0,001; q = 0,002). El tipo de suplemento se relacionó significativamente con las motivaciones de uso (todos p < 0,001; q = 0,014). Las horas semanales de entrenamiento y recibir asesoramiento de un entrenador fueron los predictores más fuertes del uso de SD en los análisis multivariados (OR = 28,90 y OR = 16,62; ambos p < 0,001). Conclusión: El uso de SD es común entre los adultos físicamente activos en Albania y está influenciado principalmente por la carga de entrenamiento y el asesoramiento del entrenador. Las prácticas de suplementación reflejan motivaciones relacionadas con el rendimiento y la ganancia muscular, mientras que el no uso se debe a la percepción de una dieta adecuada y a la incertidumbre sobre la eficacia de los suplementos. Estos hallazgos proporcionan evidencia basal para orientar futuras investigaciones y promover un uso seguro e informado de suplementos en esta población. Introdução: Os suplementos alimentares (SD) são produtos destinados a abordar as deficiências nutricionais e a apoiar a saúde em geral. Embora o consumo de SD tenha aumentado globalmente, a evidência sobre a sua utilização, padrões e determinantes entre adultos fisicamente activos na Albânia continua a ser muito limitada. Objectivos: Este estúdio explorou a utilização de SD entre adultos que praticam actividade física na Albânia, centrando-se nos padrões de consumo, nas motivações e nos factores que influenciam a sua ingestão. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal entre março e setembro de 2025. Um questionário anónimo foi distribuído a 570 indivíduos fisicamente ativos na Albânia. Resultados: No total, 52,3% dos participantes referiu utilizar SD. As proteínas (58,1%), as vitaminas e minerais (46,0%) e a creatina (27,5%) são os suplementos mais consumidos. As principais razões para o uso de suplementos foram o aumento de energia (44,9%), o ganho muscular (34,2%) e a melhoria do rendimento (34,2%), todos significativamente associados ao estado de uso de suplementos (p < 0,001; q = 0,002). O tipo de suplemento relacionou-se significativamente com as motivações de utilização (todos p < 0,001; q = 0,014). As horas semanais de treino e receber avaliação de um treinador foram os preditores mais fortes do uso de SD na análise multivariada (OR = 28,90 e OR = 16,62; ambos p < 0,001). Conclusão: O uso de SD é comum entre os adultos fisicamente ativos na Albânia e é influenciado principalmente pela carga de treino e pela ocupação do treinador. As práticas de suplementação refletem motivações relacionadas com o rendimento e o ganho muscular, enquanto a não utilização se deve à perceção de uma dieta adequada e à incerteza sobre a eficácia dos suplementos. Estes hallazgos fornecem evidências básicas para orientar futuras investigações e promover um uso seguro e informado de suplementos nesta população.

Given the high rates of mental health problems within the general population and, particularly, the university population, the main goal of this paper is to determine the prevalence of symptoms related to mental health in students at the University Austral de Chile between 2015 and 2017. A convenience sample was taken with a non-experimental correlational design of a transversal character. The final samples were composed of 1631 students in the year 2015, 1518 in 2016 and 1707 in 2017. The Instruments used measured depression, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, alimentary restraint, and functional social support. Reliability analysis, descriptive and polynomial contrast analysis which searched for linear and quadratic trends through ANOVA were perform. The results indicate a sustained rise in the percentages of symptomologies and a decline in the perception of social support. There are also statistically significant differences between men and women surveyed, with women showing more symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress over the three years studied. The results are concurrent with findings on a global level concerning the prevalence of mental health problems in university students. This data has allowed university professionals to better direct their efforts in supporting and treating students and promoting health in general. Dadas las altas tasas de problemas de salud mental en población general y en particular, en población universitaria, el objetivo principal de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de síntomas de salud mental en estudiantes de la Universidad Austral de Chile entre los años 2015 y 2017. Se utilizó un muestreo por conveniencia, con un diseño correlacional no experimental de carácter transversal. Las muestras finales se compusieron de 1631 estudiantes en el año 2015, 1518 en 2016 y 1707 en 2017. Los instrumentos utilizados midieron depresión, ansiedad, estrés, desesperanza, restricción alimentaria y apoyo social funcional. Se realizaron análisis de confiabilidad, descriptivos y de contraste polinómico que buscaron tendencias lineales y cuadráticas a través de ANOVA. Los resultados indican un aumento sostenido en los porcentajes de sintomatologías y una disminución en la percepción del apoyo social. También hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre hombres y mujeres encuestados, siendo las mujeres quienes muestran más síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés durante los tres años estudiados. Los resultados coinciden con los hallazgos a nivel mundial sobre la prevalencia de problemas de salud mental en estudiantes universitarios. Estos datos han permitido a los profesionales de la universidad dirigir mejor sus esfuerzos para apoyar y tratar a los estudiantes y promover la salud en general.

Understanding the course of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the factors that impact this is essential to inform decisions about when and for whom screening and intervention are likely to be beneficial. To provide meta-analytic evidence of the course of recovery from PTSD in the first year following trauma, and the factors that influence that recovery. We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies of adult PTSD prevalence which included at least two assessments within the first 12 months following trauma exposure, examining prevalence statistics through to 2 years post-trauma. We examined trauma intentionality (intentional or non-intentional), PTSD assessment method (clinician or self-report), sample sex distribution, and age as moderators of PTSD prevalence over time. We identified 78 eligible studies including 16,484 participants. Pooled prevalence statistics indicated that over a quarter of individuals presented with PTSD at 1 month post-trauma, with this proportion reducing by a third between 1 and 3 months. Beyond 3 months, any prevalence changes were detected over longer intervals and were small in magnitude. Intentional trauma, younger age, and female sex were associated with higher PTSD prevalence at 1 month. In addition, higher proportions of females, intentional trauma exposure, and higher baseline PTSD prevalence were each associated with larger reductions in prevalence over time. Recovery from PTSD following acute trauma exposure primarily occurs in the first 3 months post-trauma. Screening measures and intervention approaches offered at 3 months may better target persistent symptoms than those conducted prior to this point. PTSD rates in the immediate aftermath of trauma exposure decline from 27% at 1 month to 18% at 3 months post-trauma, showing significant spontaneous recovery. Problems appear to stabilize after 3 months. Screening/intervention for PTSD at 3 months post-trauma is indicated.