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\"Two children learn about four different states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma) and what happens when matter changes form.\"-- Provided by publisher.

This book analyzes William of Ockham's early theory of property rights alongside those of his fellow dissident Franciscans, paying careful attention to each friar's use of Roman and civil law, which provided the conceptual building blocks of the poverty controversy.

\"Many people are familiar with the states of matter called solid, liquid, and gas, but they may not have heard of the other two states, plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates. In this notable book, readers will learn what all these states are as well as what happens to matter to trigger a change from one form to another. The comprehensible text is supported by clear and helpful images, diagrams, and fact boxes as well as vocabulary that serves to highlight key science terms.\"-- Provided by publisher.

Silver nanoparticles are susceptible to oxidation and have accordingly received less attention than gold nanoparticles; ultrastable silver nanoparticles are now reported, which can be produced in very large quantities as a single-sized molecular product, and the origins of their enhanced stability are elucidated using a single-crystal X-ray structure and first-principles calculations. Silver nanoparticles as good as gold Noble metals in nanoparticulate form find practical application as catalysts and in optoelectronics, energy conservation and many other fields. Gold nanoparticles, stable and easy to use, have proved much more useful and so have been studied more extensively than silver nanoparticles, which tend to be susceptible to oxidation. Anil Desireddy et al . describe a simple recipe for the large-scale production of single-sized silver nanoclusters, whose electronic structure gives them exceptional chemical stability. With the availability of stable silver nanoparticles, the metal's desirable electrical and physical properties, abundance and comparatively low cost could be harnessed in a wealth of new applications. Noble-metal nanoparticles have had a substantial impact across a diverse range of fields, including catalysis 1 , sensing 2 , photochemistry 3 , optoelectronics 4 , 5 , energy conversion 6 and medicine 7 . Although silver has very desirable physical properties, good relative abundance and low cost, gold nanoparticles have been widely favoured owing to their proved stability and ease of use. Unlike gold, silver is notorious for its susceptibility to oxidation (tarnishing), which has limited the development of important silver-based nanomaterials. Despite two decades of synthetic efforts, silver nanoparticles that are inert or have long-term stability remain unrealized. Here we report a simple synthetic protocol for producing ultrastable silver nanoparticles, yielding a single-sized molecular product in very large quantities with quantitative yield and without the need for size sorting. The stability, purity and yield are substantially better than those for other metal nanoparticles, including gold, owing to an effective stabilization mechanism. The particular size and stoichiometry of the product were found to be insensitive to variations in synthesis parameters. The chemical stability and structural, electronic and optical properties can be understood using first-principles electronic structure theory based on an experimental single-crystal X-ray structure. Although several structures have been determined for protected gold nanoclusters 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , none has been reported so far for silver nanoparticles. The total structure of a thiolate-protected silver nanocluster reported here uncovers the unique structure of the silver thiolate protecting layer, consisting of Ag 2 S 5 capping structures. The outstanding stability of the nanoparticle is attributed to a closed-shell 18-electron configuration with a large energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, an ultrastable 32-silver-atom excavated-dodecahedral 13 core consisting of a hollow 12-silver-atom icosahedron encapsulated by a 20-silver-atom dodecahedron, and the choice of protective coordinating ligands. The straightforward synthesis of large quantities of pure molecular product promises to make this class of materials widely available for further research and technology development 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 .

This authoritative, widely cited book has been used all over the world. The Fourth Edition incorporates the latest developments in the field while maintaining the core objectives of previous editions: To correlate properties with chemical structure and to describe methods that permit the estimation and prediction of numerical properties from chemical structure, i.e. nearly all properties of the solid, liquid, and dissolved states of polymers.

\"The air around us is made up of gases. We breathe in some gases. Some gases help balloons float! With age-appropriate critical thinking questions, young readers will learn all about the gases that surround them.\"-- Provided by publisher.

Unparalleled in the breadth and depth of its coverage of all important aspects, this book systematically treats the electronic and magnetic properties of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric cobaltites in both ordered and disordered phases.

Discusses carbon and its properties and uses.

Having its origins in the process of transformation and land reform that began to take shape in South Africa at the end of the last century, this strikingly original analysis of property starts from deep inside the property regime and not from a distant or abstract perspective on property rules and practices. Focusing on issues of stability and change in a transformative setting and on the role of tradition and legal culture in that context, the book argues that a property regime, including the system of property holdings and the rules and practices that entrench and protect them, tends to insulate itself against change through the security- and stability-seeking tendency of tradition and legal culture, including the deep assumptions about security and stability embedded in the rights paradigm, rhetoric and logic that dominate current legal culture.