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"prospective memory"
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Dual pathways to prospective remembering
According to the multiprocess framework (McDaniel and Einstein, 2000), the cognitive system can support prospective memory (PM) retrieval through two general pathways. One pathway depends on top-down attentional control processes that maintain activation of the intention and/or monitor the environment for the triggering or target cues that indicate that the intention should be executed. A second pathway depends on (bottom-up) spontaneous retrieval processes, processes that are often triggered by a PM target cue; critically, spontaneous retrieval is assumed not to require monitoring or active maintenance of the intention. Given demand characteristics associated with experimental settings, however, participants are often inclined to monitor, thereby potentially masking discovery of bottom-up spontaneous retrieval processes. In this article, we discuss parameters of laboratory PM paradigms to discourage monitoring and review recent behavioral evidence from such paradigms that implicate spontaneous retrieval in PM. We then re-examine the neuro-imaging evidence from the lens of the multiprocess framework and suggest some critical modifications to existing neuro-cognitive interpretations of the neuro-imaging results. These modifications illuminate possible directions and refinements for further neuro-imaging investigations of PM.
Journal Article
Time-Based and Event-Based Prospective Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to perform planned actions in a future moment and it is of fundamental importance for an independent and autonomous lifestyle from development to late adulthood. Deficits in episodic memory and executive functions, which are involved in PM are characteristic features of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Considering that the number of older adults is drastically increasing over the next decades, it is of great interest to understand how PM decline in healthy older adults and patients with different degree of cognitive decline. The present meta-analysis included 46 studies investigating PM performance in AD patients (17 studies) and people with MCI (24 studies); 5 studies included both clinical conditions in the same article. The 46 studies contributed a total of 63 independent samples and 129 effect sizes from 4668 participants (2115 patients and 2553 controls). Unlike previous reviews of the literature, our results with a larger and updated sample of studies confirmed lower PM abilities in AD compared to MCI and controls, although we did not observe conclusive differences between event-based and time-based PM in patients. Surprisingly, PM deficits shown by MCI and AD patients have decreased across years, in parallel to a reduction of the evidence of publication bias and an increase in the number of observations per task. We propose the use of more reliable research designs as one plausible explanation for the reduction of PM impairments.
Journal Article
Effects of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on prospective memory in patients with schizophrenia: A double‐blind randomized controlled clinical trial
Aims To investigate effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the prospective memory (PM) in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). Methods Fifty of 71 patients completed this double‐blind placebo‐controlled randomized trial and compared with 18 healthy controls' (HCs) PM outcomes. Bilateral 20 Hz rTMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 90% RMT administered 5 weekdays for 4 weeks for a total of 20 treatments. The Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), and PM test were assessed before and after treatment. Results Both Event‐based PM (EBPM) and Time‐based PM (TBPM) scores at baseline were significantly lower in patients with SCZ than that in HCs. After rTMS treatments, the scores of EBPM in patients with SCZ was significantly improved and had no differences from that in HCs, while the scores of TBPM did not improved. The negative symptom scores on PANSS and the scores of almost all subscales and total scores of SANS were significantly improved in both groups. Conclusions Our findings indicated that bilateral high‐frequency rTMS treatment can alleviate EBPM but not TBPM in patients with SCZ, as well as improve the negative symptoms. Significance: Our results provide one therapeutic option for PM in patients with SCZ. This is the first study to investigate the effect of long‐term rTMS on PM impairment in patients with schizophrenia. We observed a positive result with active rTMS on EBPM, but not on TBPM, compared to sham stimulation. Our results provide one therapeutic option for PM in patients with SCZ.
Journal Article
COGNITIVE UNDERPINNING OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AMONG AFGHAN AND KYRGYZ STUDENTS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition precipitated by exposure to trauma, which manifests as enduring psychological distress. The prevalence of PTSD is around 42.2% among Afghans citizen (Kovess-Masfety et al., 2021). Understanding the cognitive implications of PTSD is crucial for comprehending its impact on individuals' day-to-day functioning. Aim: This study explores the the cognitive mechanisms underlying post-traumatic stress disorder. Methods: The study employed 262 participants, investigating the effect of PTSD symptom severity on prospective memory (PM). Participants were categorized based on citizenship and PTSD symptom severity, resulting in two groups: 97 with low PTSD symptoms and 165 with high symptoms. These results underscore the intricate relationship between war-related traumas, citizenship status, and cognitive functioning. According to the study, Afghan students exposed to war conditions showed cognitive decline associated with PTSD. Results: The study results indicated that Afghan students have poorer PM performance, and the discrepancy is magnified when PTSD symptoms are taken into account. In particular, the performance gap was more evident among Afghan students experiencing high levels of PTSD symptoms compared to those with low symptom levels. Significant main effects of memory and citizenship indicated diverse cognitive responses across memory conditions and substantial performance score differences between citizenships. Main effects of PCLLH underscored symptom severity's influence on cognitive functioning, while the Citizenship-PCLLH interaction revealed a nuanced relationship not uniform across groups. Conclusions: The study enriches our understanding of cognitive outcomes in trauma-exposed populations, emphasizing the multifaceted interplay of memory, citizenship, and PTSD symptom severity.
Journal Article
A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review of Prospective Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to carry out a planned intention at an appropriate moment in the future. Research on PM in ASD has produced mixed results. We aimed to establish the extent to which two types of PM (event-based/time-based) are impaired in ASD. In part 1, a meta-analysis of all existing studies indicates a large impairment of time-based, but only a small impairment of event-based PM in ASD. In Part 2, a critical review concludes that time-based PM appears diminished in ASD, in line with the meta-analysis, but that caution should be taken when interpreting event-based PM findings, given potential methodological limitations of several studies. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Journal Article
“Do not take that medication”: negative prospective memory in Korsakoff’s syndrome
Background
While prospective memory (i.e., the ability to execute a future plan) has been extensively researched, little is known about negative prospective memory (i.e., the ability to remember not to execute a future plan) in Korsakoff’s syndrome (KS). We thus evaluated both prospective memory and negative prospective memory in KS, as well as the relationship between both types of prospective memory and inhibition.
Methods
Patients with KS and control participants were invited to press a button on the keyboard (i.e., prospective memory) or not to press a button when a cue word (e.g., negative prospective memory) was encountered.
Results
The analysis demonstrated that patients with KS had more prospective memory errors (i.e., forgetting to click the keyboard when the instruction was to do so) than control participants. The analysis also demonstrated that patients with KS had more negative prospective memory errors (i.e., clicking the keyboard when the instruction was not to do so) than control participants. Similar levels of commissions and omissions were observed in patients with KS than in control participants. Interestingly, prospective and negative prospective performances were significantly correlated with performance on an inhibition assessment task.
Discussion
Our study demonstrates that KS is characterized by not only difficulty in remembering to execute a future intention but also by difficulty in remembering not to execute a future intention. A decline in negative prospective memory in KS can be associated with difficulty in inhibiting no longer appropriate previously learned intentions.
Journal Article
Neural correlates of prospective memory in Parkinson’s disease: a high-density EEG study
Prospective memory (PM), the ability to remember and execute intended actions in the future, is a critical component of daily functioning and independent living, particularly in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although PM deficits in PD have been widely documented, their underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood.
This study addresses this gap by being the first to investigate the neurophysiological signatures of PM in a sample of 28 PD patients without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 34 matched healthy controls using high-density electroencephalography (hd-EEG). Participants completed naturalistic event-based and time-based PM tasks while monitoring virtual cooking activities embedded in a movie presented on a smart TV, with concurrent neurophysiological recording.
Behavioral performance did not differ between groups in either PM task, likely reflecting preserved global cognition in the PD sample; however, EEG analyses revealed marked oscillatory differences. During time-based PM tasks, PD patients exhibited increased theta, alpha, and beta power, suggesting greater engagement of internal attention monitoring and proactive control mechanisms. Conversely, during event-based PM tasks, PD patients showed reduced power in these frequency bands, consistent with a shift toward externally driven attention to monitor the occurrence of the PM event.
This pattern of findings can be interpreted within the framework of the Attention to Delayed Intention (AtoDI) model. Overall, the present study demonstrates that electrophysiological measures can detect subtle neural alterations in the absence of overt behavioral impairments and can reveal compensatory mechanisms adopted by PD patients to cope with PM demands.
Journal Article
Effect of time pressure and cue salience on event-based prospective memory
As a source of stress,
time pressure
could either have a negative impact on individual cognitive activities, or be a source of motivation to promote. Studies show that high time pressure can impair the performance of
event-based prospective memory
(EBPM). However, the effect of different levels of time pressure on EBPM remains unexplored. This study is the first to systematically investigate the effect of time pressure on EBPM performance. In Experiment 1, six different time pressure levels (3,000 ms, 1,810 ms, 1,190 ms, 880 ms, 725 ms, and 570 ms), were set for 174 voluntary participants. The results showed that time pressure had a negative effect on EBPM performance, and that EBPM performance gradually decreased, with the increase of time pressure. Experiment 2 focused on how to improve EBPM performance under time pressure. A mixed experimental design of three time pressures (1,810 ms, 1,190 ms, 725 ms) × two cue salience (salient, non-salient) was used to explore whether salient cues could improve EBPM performance under different time pressure situations. This experiment involved 82 voluntary participants. The results showed that salient cues significantly improved EBPM performance under three time pressure situations. This study suggests that time pressure acts as a hindrance stressor, to negatively affect EBPM performance. Moreover, people can avoid forgetting the EBPM task by improving the salience of the cue under time pressure.
Journal Article
The effect of emotional target and context on the aftereffects of prospective memory
Although a lot of recent research focuses on the relationship between emotion and prospective memory (PM), fewer studies yet have explored the relationship between emotion and aftereffects of PM. The aftereffects of PM are the phenomenon that an individual repeatedly performs an already completed-PM intention (commission errors), or the completed intention interferes with the ongoing task performance. This study adopted the repeated PM target paradigm and explored the effect of emotional target and context on the aftereffects of PM through two Experiments. Experiment 1 aimed at distinguishing the effect of target valence and arousal on aftereffects of PM. Considering that the effect of PM target might be affected by the valence of ongoing task stimuli (context valence), Experiment 2 was conducted to further explore the effect of target valence, arousal, and context valence on aftereffects of PM based on Experiment 1. The results of the two studies suggest that: (1) the positive, negative, and high arousal PM targets are likely to increase the risk of the aftereffects of PM, (2) the PM target and context from the same valence are likely to yield greater aftereffects of PM, and that (3) context valence is likely to modulate the effect of arousal on aftereffects of PM in different target valence.
Journal Article