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A voracious pack-rat, Mark Twain hoarded his readers' letters as did few of his contemporaries. Dear Mark Twain collects 200 of these letters written by a diverse cross-section of correspondents from around the world—children, farmers, schoolteachers, businessmen, preachers, railroad clerks, inmates of mental institutions, con artists, and even a former president. It is a unique and groundbreaking book—the first published collection of reader letters to any writer of Mark Twain's time. Its contents afford a rare and exhilarating glimpse into the sensibilities of nineteenth-century people while revealing the impact Samuel L. Clemens had on his readers. Clemens's own and often startling comments and replies are also included. R. Kent Rasmussen's extensive research provides fascinating profiles of the correspondents, whose personal stories are often as interesting as their letters. Ranging from gushing fan appreciations and requests for help and advice to suggestions for writing projects and stinging criticisms, the letters are filled with perceptive insights, pathos, and unintentional but often riotous humor. Many are deeply moving, more than a few are hilarious, some may be shocking, but none are dull.

Urban historians have long portrayed suburbanization as the result of a bourgeois exodus from the city, coupled with the introduction of streetcars that enabled the middle class to leave the city for the more sylvan surrounding regions. Demonstrating that this is only a partial version of urban history, Manufacturing Suburbs reclaims the history of working-class suburbs by examining the development of industrial suburbs in the United States and Canada between 1850 and 1950. Contributors demonstrate that these suburbs developed in large part because of the location of manufacturing beyond city limits and the subsequent building of housing for the workers who labored within those factories. Through case studies of industrial suburbanization and industrial suburbs in several metropolitan areas (Chicago, Baltimore, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, and Montreal), Manufacturing Suburbs sheds light on a key phenomenon of metropolitan development before the Second World War.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Race and Ethnicity Class Urbanization English Nostalgia Conclusion References and Further Reading

This chapter contains all entries for L: Langhorne, John to Lyttelton, George, first Baron Lyttelton

This chapter contains sections titled: Early Poems Poems on Emigration On Return to Ireland References and Further Reading

Background Unacknowledged inconsistencies in the reporting of clinical trials undermine the validity of the results of the trials. Little is known about inconsistency in the reporting of academic clinical drug trials. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of consistency between protocols and published reports of academic clinical drug trials. Methods A comparison was made between study protocols and their corresponding published reports. We assessed the overall consistency, which was defined as the absence of discrepancy regarding study type (categorized as either exploratory or confirmatory), primary objective, primary endpoint, and – for confirmatory trials only – hypothesis and sample size calculation. We used logistic regression, χ 2 , and Fisher’s exact test. Results A total of 282 applications of academic clinical drug trials were submitted to the Danish Health and Medicines Authority in 1999, 2001, and 2003, 95 of which fulfilled the eligibility criteria and had at least one corresponding published report reporting data on trial subjects. Overall consistency was observed in 39 % of the trials (95 % CI: 29 to 49 %). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) constituted 72 % (95 % CI: 63 to 81 %) of the sample, and 87 % (95 % CI: 80 to 94 %) of the trials were hospital based. Conclusions Overall consistency between protocols and their corresponding published reports was low. Motivators for the inconsistencies are unknown but do not seem restricted to economic incentives.

How did powder and paint, once scorned as immoral, become indispensable to millions of respectable women? How did a \"kitchen physic,\" as homemade cosmetics were once called, become a multibillion-dollar industry? And how did men finally take over that rarest of institutions, a woman's business? InHope in a Jar, historian Kathy Peiss gives us the first full-scale social history of America's beauty culture, from the buttermilk and rice powder recommended by Victorian recipe books to the mass-produced products of our contemporary consumer age. She shows how women, far from being pawns and victims, used makeup to declare their freedom, identity, and sexual allure as they flocked to enter public life. And she highlights the leading role of white and black women-Helena Rubenstein and Annie Turnbo Malone, Elizabeth Arden and Madame C. J. Walker-in shaping a unique industry that relied less on advertising than on women's customs of visiting and conversation. Replete with the voices and experiences of ordinary women,Hope in a Jaris a richly textured account of the ways women created the cosmetics industry and cosmetics created the modern woman.

As part of a larger project on biodiversity and conservation in Guyana, we documented 130 species of mammals from Iwokrama Forest. This included 7 marsupials, 4 xenarthrans, 86 bats, 5 primates, 8 carnivores, 1 perissodactyl, 4 artiodactyls, and 15 rodents. As is typical for most Neotropical sites, the 86 species of bats represent over half of the mammal diversity. Standardized collecting methods implemented in the 1997 faunal survey of Iwokrama Forest in central Guyana enabled us also to investigate species diversity and abundance resulting from the inventory of mammals. Four species of fruit-eating bats (Artibeus lituratus, A. obscurus, A. planirostris, and Carollia perspicillata) were the most abundant and accounted for 43% of the 2,097 total captures in mist nets and harp traps during 79 nights of sampling. For nonvolant mammals, terrestrial spiny rats (Proechimys spp.) represented over half (55%) of the 65 captures in primarily live box-style traps. We estimate that our inventory is approximately 70% complete with an additional 57 species of mammals expected to occur in Iwokrama Forest. More specialized field techniques are required to attain a complete inventory of mammals, and long-term monitoring should be established at several sites to study spatial and temporal variation.