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Stardust International Raceway : motorsports meets the mob in Vegas, 1965-1971
\"Established by a notorious racketeer, the track stood at the confluence of shadowy elements--secret wiretaps, casino skimming, Howard Hughes, and the beginnings of Watergate. The author traces the Stardust's colorful history through the auto racing monthlies, national newspapers and the files of the FBI\"-- Provided by publisher.
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Study on flesh quality and physiological response of grass carp cultivated at higher density in‐pond raceway system
In‐pond raceway systems (IPRS) are a high‐density ecological green pond aquaculture mode, which has developed rapidly in China in recent years. This study evaluated the flesh quality and physiological response of grass carp under the IPRS mode. Compared with the traditional earthen pond (EP) mode, the grass carp hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index under the IPRS mode are significantly (p < 0.05) lower. And the water holding capacity of grass carp muscles were significantly (p < 0.05) improved. Compared with EP mode, grass carp muscles under the IPRS mode have more crude protein content and less crude fat content, and have higher muscle fiber density and smaller muscle fiber diameter. In the IPRS mode, the total amount of essential amino acids (∑EAA) in grass carp muscle increased significantly (p < 0.05), and the content of savory amino acids increased significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, the content of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the muscle fatty acids of IPRS grass carp was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than EP mode. At the same time, in order to cope with the high‐density culture mode of IPRS, the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in grass carp muscle was significantly (p < 0.05) increased, and the alanine aminotransferase in serum, aspartate aminotransferase, as well as other biochemical indexes, increased significantly (p < 0.05). In the IPRS mode, the mass‐specific lamellae respiratory area of the gill increased significantly (p < 0.05), and the volume of the interlaminar cell mass decreased significantly (p < 0.05) to increase oxygen intake. Taken together, our results show that grass carp will produce relevant physiological response to cope with the IPRS high‐density culture environment, while their flesh yield, flesh quality, and nutritional value is improved.
Journal Article
Stocking density alters growth performance, serum biochemistry, digestive enzymes, immune response, and muscle quality of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) in in-pond raceway system
The effects of stocking density on growth performance, serum biochemistry, digestive enzymes, immune response, and muscle quality of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) reared in nine in-pond raceway systems (IPRS, 22.0 m × 5.0 m × 2.0 m) were studied. M. salmoides with initial an body weight of 8.25 ± 0.51 g and body length of 6.99 ± 0.44 cm were reared at an initial stocking density of 90.91 ind./m3 (low stocking density, LSD), 113.63 ind./m3 (middle stocking density, MSD), and 136.36 ind./m3 (high stocking density, HSD) with triplication. After 300 days of culture, MSD recorded the highest final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and yield, but the food conversion ratio in MSD was the lowest. The viscerosomatic index in LSD was significantly higher than other groups. The fish serum reared at HSD showed significantly lower total protein, higher total cholesterol, triglyceride, total bilirubin, glucose content, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase activity. Significantly lower intestinal amylase, lipase, trypsin activities, hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and higher malondialdehyde content were detected in HSD compared to others. The content of crude lipid, saturated fatty acid decreased, and total essential amino acid, delicious amino acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid increased in muscle with stocking density increase. No significant difference was observed in muscle texture. Profitability analysis indicated the benefit-to-cost ratio varied between 1.10 and 1.68, of which MSD was significantly higher than others. The optimal stocking density for M. salmoides should be 113.63 ind./m3 in an IPRS farm.
Journal Article
Diurnal and nocturnal pH control in microalgae raceway reactors by combining classical and event-based control approaches
The pH control in raceway reactors is crucial for an optimal performance of the system. Classical pH control is exclusively performed during the daytime period for cost saving reasons. This paper demonstrates that pH can be controlled 24 hours a day by using both a continuous-based and an event-based control approach, being able to improve the system's performance and reducing costs at the same time. Thus, experimental tests on a raceway reactor for several days are presented to show a comparison between traditional control algorithms during the daytime period versus an event-based control approach operating during both daytime and night-time periods. As a result, the combination of classical PI control for the daytime period and the event-based control for the night-time period is presented as a promising pH control architecture in raceway reactors.
Journal Article
Precision evolution model for the grinding-wheel wear in ELID grinding of nonstandard ultra-precision bearing raceways
Bearings are an important part of the aviation equipment. The working accuracy, performance, service life, and reliability of bearings directly determine the performance of the aviation equipment. The manufacturing accuracy has been gradually improved with the ELID (electrolytic in-process dressing) grinding technology. The grinding-wheel wear has been an unavoidable problem in the ELID grinding of ball-bearing raceways. The ELID grinding-wheel profile needs to be promptly reshaped as soon as its profile deviation is greater than the allowable range. So far, few literatures are concerned about the precision evolution of the grinding-wheel profile under ELID conditions. There are no ready-made standards or instructions for the nonstandard ultra-precision bearings. Even the quality consistency is hard to be achieved. In this research, it aims to balance the service life of the grinding wheel and grinding accuracy. A comprehensively evaluating model is established, which includes two submodels. One is the contour-error submodel for assessing the groove raceway of bearings, in which the precision evolution principles are developed to work as the basis for this submodel. The other is the radial-wear rate submodel for evaluating the precision evolution of the ELID grinding wheel. In submodel 2, a special device is designed and established for the in situ monitoring of the radial-wear rate of the ELID grinding wheel under ELID conditions. It expands the application field of the precision-evolution principle for manufacturing the nonstandard bearings with ultrahigh precision. The rationality of the comprehensively evaluating model is verified by a group of optimal parameters derived from the five-factor-four-level orthogonal experiments. The conclusions can provide an important reference for balancing the wear of the grinding wheel and the grinding accuracy.
Journal Article
Enhancing the production of astaxanthin by mixotrophic cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis in open raceway ponds
Mixotrophic cultivation of Haematococcus is efficient to increase astaxanthin productivity. However, application of this technique in open bioreactors is restricted because of bacterial contamination. In this study, mixotrophic cultivation of Haematococcus was carried out successfully in an outdoor raceway pond. The Haematococcus cells grew on light first, and then acetate/acetic acid was supplemented when nitrate was depleted from the culture media. Under such conditions, Haematococcus cells grew on intracellular nitrogen pool, while bacterial reproduction was limited. The average astaxanthin productivity reached 140 mg m−2day−1, which is about 1.2 times that of the simple phototrophic cultivation. This study explores a potential way to enhance astaxanthin productivity, and the results are helpful to the development of the Haematococcus industries.
Journal Article
Unveiling Tetraselmis subcordiformis lipidome dynamics during large-scale cultivation in open raceway pond
A local microalgal strain of Tetraselmis subcordiformis was cultivated at large-scale using open raceway pond. The temporal influence on the growth and lipidomic profile of the strain was investigated using optic density (OD) measurement and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography. Results showed that triglycerides represented 57% of the total lipids on day 11 (exponential phase) and stayed consistently high until stationary phase, without affecting the biomass quantity. Moreover, a high expression of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as ω-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6), palmitic (16:0) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) was observed by stationary phase. Carotenoid analysis also revealed the increase in lutein (65.2%) and β-carotene (71.4%) from day 6 to day 15. Our study showed that T. subcordiformis contained the highest amounts of valuable lipids, fatty acids and pigments in the stationary phase, which started on day 15 of culture.
Journal Article
Assessment of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Production from Filamentous Microalga Tribonema aequale: From Laboratory to Pilot-Scale Study
It has long been explored to use EPA-rich unicellular microalgae as a fish oil alternative for production of the high-value omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3). However, none of the efforts have ever reached commercial success. This study reported a filamentous yellow-green microalga Tribonema aequale that possesses the ability to grow rapidly and synthesize significant amounts of EPA. A series of studies were conducted in a glass column photobioreactor under laboratory culture conditions and in pilot-scale open raceway ponds outdoors. The emphasis was placed on the specific nutrient requirements and the key operational parameters in raceway ponds such as culture depth and mixing regimes. When optimized, T. aequale cells contained 2.9% of EPA (w/w) and reached a very high biomass concentration of 9.8 g L−1 in the glass column photobioreactor. The cellular EPA content was increased further to 3.5% and the areal biomass and EPA productivities of 16.2 g m−2 d−1 and 542.5 mg m−2 d−1, respectively, were obtained from the outdoor pilot-scale open raceway ponds, which were the record high figures reported thus far from microalgae-based EPA production. It was also observed that T. aequale was highly resistant to microbial contamination and easy for harvesting and dewatering, which provide two additional competitive advantages of this filamentous microalga over the unicellular counterparts for potential commercial production of EPA and other derived co-products.
Journal Article
Year-Round Cultivation of Tetraselmis sp. for Essential Lipid Production in a Semi-Open Raceway System
There is increasing demand for essential fatty acids (EFAs) from non-fish sources such as microalgae, which are considered a renewable and sustainable biomass. The open raceway system (ORS) is an affordable system for microalgae biomass cultivation for industrial applications. However, seasonal variations in weather can affect biomass productivity and the quality of microalgal biomass. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of year-round Tetraselmis sp. cultivation in a semi-ORS in Korea for biomass and bioactive lipid production. To maximize biomass productivity of Tetraselmis sp., f medium was selected because it resulted in a significantly higher biomass productivity (1.64 ± 0.03 g/L) and lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio (0.52/1) under laboratory conditions than f/2 medium (0.70/1). Then, we used climatic data-based building information modeling technology to construct a pilot plant of six semi-ORSs for controlling culture conditions, each with a culture volume of 40,000 L. Over 1 year, there were no significant variations in monthly biomass productivity, fatty acid composition, or the omega-6/omega-3 ratio; however, the lipid content correlated significantly with photosynthetic photon flux density. During year-round cultivation from November 2014 to October 2017, areal productivity was gradually increased by increasing medium salinity and injecting CO2 gas into the culture medium. Productivity peaked at 44.01 g/m2/d in October 2017. Throughout the trials, there were no significant differences in average lipid content, which was 14.88 ± 1.26%, 14.73 ± 2.44%, 12.81 ± 2.82%, and 13.63 ± 3.42% in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. Our results demonstrated that high biomass productivity and constant lipid content can be sustainably maintained under Korean climate conditions.
Journal Article
Culture depth effect on Scenedesmus sp. growth, photo-physiology and nutrient removal rate in anaerobically digested abattoir effluent
Here, we evaluated the effect of culture depth on the growth and nutrient removal rate of Scenedesmus sp. grown in anaerobically digested abattoir effluent (ADAE) and cultivated semi-continuously in raceway ponds at depths of 14 cm, 17 cm, 20 cm, and 23 cm during Austral winter and summer. Culture medium pH was kept constant at pH 6.5 for all treatments throughout the experimental period using a pH–stat system. Algal cultures grown in summer had 2.3- 2.7 times higher biomass productivity than the same grown in winter. In both seasons, maximum volumetric productivity of this alga was achieved at 14 cm depth (14 cm depth⩾ 17 cm depth⩾ 20 cm depth⩾ 23 cm depth). However, areal biomass productivity of culture grown at 23 cm depth was 12% and 29% higher than that of culture grown at 14 cm depth in winter and summer, respectively. In addition, nitrogen, phosphorus and COD areal removal rates were significantly higher in cultures operated at 23 cm among all treatments in both seasons. The effective quantum yield (Fq'/Fm') in summer was 23 cm depth = 20 cm depth > 17 cm depth = 14 cm depth while it followed 14 cm depth⩾ 17 cm depth⩾ 20 cm depth⩾ 23 cm depth in winter, indicating significance of operational conditions on algal photosynthesis. The outcome of this study shows that, irrespective of the season, operating the culture in higher depths significantly increased areal biomass productivity as well as areal nutrient removal rates when treating ADAE.
Journal Article