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Stealth technology is used to enhance the survival of military equipment in the field of military surveillance, as it utilizes a combination of techniques to render itself undetectable by enemy radar systems. Radar absorbing materials (RAMs) are specialized materials used to reduce the reflection (or absorption) of radar signals to provide stealth capability, which is a core component of passive countermeasures in military applications. The properties of RAMs can be optimized by adjusting their composition, microstructure, and surface geometry. Carbon‐based materials present a promising approach for the fabrication of ultrathin, versatile, and high‐performance RAMs due to their large specific surface area, lightweight, excellent dielectric properties, high electrical conductivity, and stability under harsh conditions. This review begins with a brief history of stealth technology and an introduction to electromagnetic waves, radar systems, and radar absorbing materials. This is followed by a discussion of recent research progress in carbon‐based RAMs, including carbon blacks, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, and MXene, along with an in‐depth examination of the principles and strategies on electromagnetic attenuation characteristics. Hope this review will offer fresh perspectives on the design and fabrication of carbon‐based RAMs, thereby fostering a deeper fundamental understanding and promoting practical applications.

This study introduces a novel method to reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of wideband antennas. A novel wideband radar absorbing material (RAM) with frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) is proposed. The wideband RAM is used as the ground plane of a Yagi-Uda and a Vivaldi antenna for in-band RCS reduction. The measurement result shows that the radiation pattern of the antennas over the whole band is preserved when wideband RAM is used. The RCS of the Yagi-Uda and Vivaldi antenna with RAM can be reduced by more than 10 dB over the operating band with this method.

Low-observable technology, often known as stealth technology, hides soldiers, aircraft, ships, submarines, missiles, satellites, and ground vehicles from radar and infrared sensors (preferably invisible). Stealth coating reduces radar cross section and makes aeroplanes harder to detect. Stealth planes employ radar-absorbing polymers. Stealth technology camouflages vehicles and buildings from radar. A radar-absorbent material may alter an items radar cross section at specific radar frequencies, but it does not make it \"invisible\" at any frequency. Stealth technology reduces radar reflections using radar-absorbing materials and geometry. Polymer composite-based stealth are graphene, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and carbon fibres as carbonaceous material and filler. Stealth coating resin market size is based on epoxy, polyurethane, and polyimide. It also protects automobiles against ultraviolet rays, chips, scratches. Tanks and ships employ stealth coating technology to avoid hostile radar. The coating absorbs and scatters radar radiation, hiding the device. Military aircraft uses stealth coating to avoid radar. Commercial airlines are using stealth coating technologies to improve safety and security. The coating reduces aircraft drag and weight, improving fuel economy. Stealth coating absorbs radar signals, hiding the aircraft from radar detection systems. Military and private planes utilise it for security. Stealth coating reduces radar detection by absorbing or deflecting radar emissions. Military operations need stealth and secrecy, but civilian aviation may employ this technology to avoid hijackings and identify unlicensed planes radar-absorbent polymers cover stealth aircraft. These and other design features may weaken the aircraft's radar signal.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) incorporated polymeric composites have been extensively investigated for microwave absorption at target frequencies to meet the requirement of radar cross-section reduction. In this work, a strategy of efficient utilization of CNT in producing CNT incorporated aramid papers is demonstrated. The layer-by-layer self-assembly technique is used to coat the surfaces of meta-aramid fibers and fibrils with CNT, providing novel raw materials available for the large-scale papermaking. The hierarchical construction of CNT networks resolves the dilemma of increasing CNT content and avoiding the agglomeration of CNT, which is a frequent challenge for CNT incorporated polymeric composites. The composite paper, which contains abundant heterogeneous interfaces and long-range conductive networks, is capable of reaching a high permittivity and dielectric loss tangent at a low CNT loading, and its complex permittivity is, so far, adjustable in the range of (1.20–j0.05) to (25.17–j18.89) at 10 GHz. Some papers with optimal matching thicknesses achieve a high-efficiency microwave absorption with a reflection loss lower than −10 dB in the entire X-band.

Multilayer radar absorbing materials with light weight, strong absorption, and wide absorption bandwidth are urgently demanded with the increase of electromagnetic pollution. However, the current design methods with only simulation operation or optimization strategy are not comprehensive. Here, a simulation-optimization approach including electromagnetic simulation and numerical calculation is proposed based on the interaction between different software, in which the homogeneous medium substitution method is presented to simplify the complicated structures. Besides, return loss and impedance matching of different layer structures are investigated. From the simulated results, it can be found that the structures with better impedance matching have superior absorbing performance. The optimal method shows the advantages of fast and efficient, which has tremendous potential for various applications, such as military stealth and electromagnetic wave elimination.

This paper presents experimental verification results for a finite‐sized array of a simple non‐reciprocal metasurface elements. The metasurface elements consists of ferrite loaded metal patches. Experimental results demonstrate nonreciprocity, achieving isolation exceeding 20 dB at 6.4 GHz in a 2×2 array. Additionally, these findings are compared with simulation results for a 4×4 array to validate its practicality in a finite array setting. This paper presents the results of experimental verification of a metasurface that has a simple structure and achieves microwave non‐reciprocity.

Ferrite-containing polymer composites are of great interest for the development of radar-absorbing and -shielding materials (RAMs and RSMs). The main objective of RAM and RSM development is to achieve a combination of efficient electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption methods with advantageous technological and mechanical properties as well as acceptable weight and dimensions in the final product. This work deals with composite RAMs and RSMs containing spinel-structured ferrites. These materials are chosen since they can act as efficient RAMs in the form of ceramic plates and as fillers for radar-absorbing polymer composites (RAC) for electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Combining ferrites with conducting fillers can broaden the working frequency range of composite RAMs due to the activation of various absorption mechanisms. Ferrite-containing composites are the most efficient materials that can be used as the working media of RAMs and RSMs due to a combination of excellent dielectric and magnetic properties of ferrites. This work contains a brief review of the main theoretical standpoints on EMR interaction with materials, a comparison between the radar absorption properties of ferrites and ferrite–polymer composites and analysis of some phenomenological aspects of the radar absorption mechanisms in those composites.

This study presents an interdisciplinary framework to enhance the radar cross-section (RCS) reduction of next-generation long-range cruise missiles by integrating MnZn ferrite/epoxy-based radar-absorbing materials (RAM), electromagnetic simulation, and multipath-aware flight profiles. The best-performing RAM exhibited a reflection loss of −23 dB at 9.8 GHz with a 3.4 GHz effective absorption bandwidth, supported by complex permittivity/permeability analysis and Lorentz-based dispersion modeling. When applied to realistic missile geometries, simulations showed RCS reductions exceeding 25 dB. Furthermore, integrating this material into a dynamic radar detection algorithm shows how sea-surface multipath effects can increase the generation of null channels, reducing reaction time by up to 94 s under simulated conditions. Results underscore the effectiveness of integrating RAM with adaptive trajectory profiles to develop new doctrines for future radio-frequency (RF) low-observable, long-range cruise missiles.