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A bstract This paper presents a measurement of the double-differential cross section for the Drell-Yan Z/γ ∗ → ℓ + ℓ − and photon-induced γγ → ℓ + ℓ − processes where ℓ is an electron or muon. The measurement is performed for invariant masses of the lepton pairs, m ℓℓ , between 116 GeV and 1500 GeV using a sample of 20 . 3 fb −1 of pp collisions data at centre-of-mass energy of s = 8 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2012. The data are presented double differentially in invariant mass and absolute dilepton rapidity as well as in invariant mass and absolute pseudorapidity separation of the lepton pair. The single-differential cross section as a function of m ℓℓ is also reported. The electron and muon channel measurements are combined and a total experimental precision of better than 1% is achieved at low m ℓℓ . A comparison to next-to-next-to-leading order perturbative QCD predictions using several recent parton distribution functions and including next-to-leading order electroweak effects indicates the potential of the data to constrain parton distribution functions. In particular, a large impact of the data on the photon PDF is demonstrated.

After reviewing the sound speeds in various forms and conditions of matter, we investigate the sound speed of hadronic matter that has decoupled from the hot and dense system formed during high‐energy collisions. We comprehensively consider factors such as energy loss of the incident beam, rapidity shift of leading nucleons, and the Landau hydrodynamic model for hadron production. The sound speed is related to the width or standard deviation of the Gaussian rapidity distribution of hadrons. The extracted square speed of sound lies within a range from 0 to 1/3 in most cases. For scenarios exceeding this limit, we also provide an explanation.

Rapidity of symptom resolution informs treatment choice in patients with moderate-severe ulcerative colitis (UC). We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing early symptomatic remission with approved therapies. Through a systematic literature review to December 31, 2022, we identified randomized trials in adult outpatients with moderate-severe UC treated with approved therapies (tumor necrosis factor α antagonists, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, janus kinase inhibitors, or ozanimod), compared with each other or placebo, reporting rates of symptomatic remission (based on partial Mayo score, with resolution of rectal bleeding and near-normalization of stool frequency) at weeks 2, 4, and/or 6. We performed random-effects network meta-analysis using a frequentist approach and estimated relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval values. On network meta-analysis, upadacitinib was more effective than all agents in achieving symptomatic remission at weeks 2 (range of RR, 2.85-6.27), 4 (range of RR, 1.78-2.37), and 6 (range of RR, 1.84-2.79). Tumor necrosis factor α antagonists and filgotinib, but not ustekinumab and vedolizumab, were more effective than ozanimod in achieving symptomatic remission at week 2, but not at weeks 4 and 6. With approximately 10% placebo-treated patients achieving symptomatic remission at 2 weeks, we estimated 68%, 22%, 23.7%, 23.9%, 22.2%, 18.4%, 15.7%, and 10.9% of upadacitinib-, filgotinib-, infliximab-, adalimumab-, golimumab-, ustekinumab-, vedolizumab-, and ozanimod-treated patients would achieve early symptomatic remission, ustekinumab and vedolizumab achieving rapid remission only in biologic-naïve patients. In a systematic review and network meta-analysis, upadacitinib was most effective in achieving early symptomatic remission, whereas ozanimod was relatively slower acting.

The psub t-differential inclusive production cross sections of the prompt charmed mesons Dsup 0, Dsup +, and Dsup sm_(b)ullet+ in the rapidity range |y| < 0.5 were measured in proton-proton collisions at radicals = 7 TeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. Reconstructing the decays Dsup 0 yields Ksup -pisup +, Dsup + yields Ksup -pisup +pisup +, Dsup sm_(b)ullet+ yields Dsup 0pisup +, and their charge conjugates, about 8,400 Dsup 0, 2,900 Dsup +, and 2,600 Dsup sm_(b)ullet+ mesons with 1 < psub t < 24 GeV/c were counted, after selection cuts, in a data sample of 3.14 x 10sup 8 events collected with a minimum-bias trigger (integrated luminosity Lsub int = 5 nbsup -1). The results are described within uncertainties by predictions based on perturbative QCD.

The rejection of forward jets originating from additional proton–proton interactions (pile-up) is crucial for a variety of physics analyses at the LHC, including Standard Model measurements and searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. The identification of such jets is challenging due to the lack of track and vertex information in the pseudorapidity range |η| > 2.5. This paper presents a novel strategy for forward pile-up jet tagging that exploits jet shapes and topological jet correlations in pile-up interactions. Measurements of the per-jet tagging efficiency are presented using a data set of 3.2 fb-1 of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector. The fraction of pile-up jets rejected in the range 2.5 < |η| < 4.5 is estimated in simulated events with an average of 22 interactions per bunch-crossing. It increases with jet transverse momentum and, for jets with transverse momentum between 20 and 50 GeV, it ranges between 49% and 67% with an efficiency of 85% for selecting hard-scatter jets. A case study is performed in Higgs boson production via the vector-boson fusion process, showing that these techniques mitigate the background growth due to additional proton–proton interactions, thus enhancing the reach for such signatures.

This paper presents the performance of the ATLAS muon reconstruction during the LHC run with p p collisions at s = 7 –8 TeV in 2011–2012, focusing mainly on data collected in 2012. Measurements of the reconstruction efficiency and of the momentum scale and resolution, based on large reference samples of J / ψ → μ μ , Z → μ μ and Υ → μ μ decays, are presented and compared to Monte Carlo simulations. Corrections to the simulation, to be used in physics analysis, are provided. Over most of the covered phase space (muon | η | < 2.7 and 5 ≲ p T ≲ 100  GeV) the efficiency is above 99 % and is measured with per-mille precision. The momentum resolution ranges from 1.7 % at central rapidity and for transverse momentum p T ≃ 10  GeV, to 4 % at large rapidity and p T ≃ 100  GeV. The momentum scale is known with an uncertainty of 0.05 % to 0.2 % depending on rapidity. A method for the recovery of final state radiation from the muons is also presented.

A fast and stable flight control system is crucial for improving the efficiency of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) missions. Focusing on the trajectory tracking control of quadrotor UAVs, this paper proposes a trajectory tracking control method based on the global fast terminal sliding mode control (GFTSMC) algorithm to address the slow response speed and insufficient anti-disturbance capability inherent in the widely used Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control algorithm and conventional sliding mode control (SMC) algorithm. Firstly, considering the gyroscopic moment of a quadrotor UAV's rotors, an accurate kinematic and dynamic model of a quadrotor UAV is established, and the trajectory tracking problem faced by such UAVs is decoupled into the command tracking problems of the position loop and the attitude loop. Secondly, GFTSMC controllers are designed for these loops, and the Lyapunov principle is adopted to prove the stability of the designed controllers. Finally, simulation verification is carried out. The simulation results show that, compared to PID control, GFTSMC-based trajectory tracking control for quadrotor UAVs exhibits the characteristics of no overshoot, higher tracking accuracy, and stronger anti-disturbance capability. Compared to nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (NTSMC) and SMC, GFTSMC-based trajectory tracking control reduces the steady-state convergence time by 33.8% and 36.5% and the steady-state disturbance error by 83.1% and 97.3%, respectively, demonstrating faster response speed and stronger anti-disturbance capability. Therefore, the application of GFTSMC significantly improves the trajectory tracking control performance of quadrotor UAVs, thereby supporting them in performing operations in scenarios requiring high real-time performance, precision, and anti-disturbance capability.

The application of 5G-based communication for pilot protection in a distribution network with distributed generators is becoming increasingly widespread, but the existence of a 5G communication transmission data delay adversely affects the rapidity and reliability of the pilot protection based on the principle of the traditional dynamic time warping distance (DTW) algorithm. Therefore, to address this problem, and according to the difference in fault currents between distributed generators and synchronous machines, a new scheme of pilot protection based on the principle of an improved DTW is proposed. The scheme firstly performs cosine transform on the fault current sequence, and then it normalizes the DTW value. Finally, the proposed scheme is verified via simulation. The simulation results show that, compared with the traditional DTW, the proposed algorithm has better anti-delay characteristics and a stronger anti-interference ability, and the scheme can quickly and reliably identify in-zone and out-of-area faults with strong noise resistance. Further, the action times for a single-phase ground fault, two-phase ground fault, two-phase-to-phase fault, and three-phase short-circuit fault were reduced by 2.9 ms, 4.54 ms, 5.81 ms, and 5.89 ms, respectively. In addition, it is also sui for a distribution network with a high wind and photovoltaic penetration rate.

Background Scientists can play an important role in policymaking by providing evidence and consensual expert opinion on the state of scientific knowledge. Delphi surveys have been widely used to develop consensus on a topical issue, yet not compatible with public health crisis situations requiring rapid decisions. We developed a fast-track Delphi process, providing experts with a structured approach to rapidly develop and quantify consensus in support of informed policy decisions. Methods We identified key elements of consensus-building techniques through a literature review and derived methodological procedures that served as the basis for the elaboration of the new process. Selected methodological experts provided advice on necessary adjustments. The process was pilot tested using a real-world public health issue. Results The fast-track Delphi process is a hybrid approach between a conventional Delphi and the nominal group technique: one group session followed by two rounds of e-questionnaire, with predefined steps. We developed an ad hoc toolkit (REDCap templates, R code for analysis and production of reports, user guide) to overcome time constraints, which we pilot tested with experts. The feasibility test conducted in 18 days in the field of tobacco control demonstrated the applicability and usefulness of the process in real-world conditions. Conclusions We strongly believe that this fast-track Delphi process has the potential to help inform policy decisions in various types of crises, including emerging diseases or novel potentially harmful products.