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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of reaction temperature on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 with Pd and Cu cocatalysts. N2 sorption, transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the specific surface area, pore volume, pore size, morphology and metal distribution of the catalysts. The photocatalytic destruction of methylene blue under UV light irradiation was used to test its activity. The concentration of methylene blue in water was determined by UV-vis spectrophotometer. Pd/TiO2 catalyst was more active than Cu/TiO2 and TiO2. At 0–50 °C reaction temperature, the activity of TiO2 and Pd/TiO2 increased with an increase of reaction temperature. When the temperature was as high as 70 °C, the reaction rate of TiO2 drop slightly and Pd/TiO2 became less effective. In contrast, Cu/TiO2 was more active at room temperature than the other temperatures. The results indicate that the photocatalytic activity of the catalyst is influenced by the reaction temperature and the type of cocatalyst. When the reaction temperature is higher than 70 °C, the recombination of charge carriers will increase. The temperature range of 50–80 °C is regarded as the ideal temperature for effective photolysis of organic matter. The effects of reaction temperature mainly influence quantum effect, i.e., electron-hole separation and recombination.

In order to elucidate the high-temperature reaction process of solid waste-based high belite sulphoaluminate cement containing residual gypsum in clinker (NHBSAC) and obtain the formation laws of each mineral in clinker, this article studied its high-temperature reaction kinetics. Through QXRD analysis and numerical fitting methods, the formation of C4A3S¯, β-C2S, and CaSO4 in clinker under different calcination systems was quantitatively characterized, the corresponding high-temperature reaction kinetics models were established, and the reaction activation energies of each mineral were obtained. The results indicate that the content of C4A3S¯ and β-C2S increases with the prolongation of holding time and the increase in calcination temperature, while CaSO4 is continuously consumed. Under the control mechanism of solid-state reaction, the formation and consumption of minerals follow the kinetic equation. C4A3S¯ and β-C2S satisfy the D4 equation under diffusion mechanism control, and CaSO4 satisfies the R3 equation under interface chemical reaction mechanism control. The activation energy required for mineral formation varies with different temperature ranges. The activation energies required to form C4A3S¯ at 1200–1225 °C, 1225–1275 °C, and 1275–1300 °C are 166.28 kJ/mol, 83.14 kJ/mol, and 36.58 kJ/mol, respectively. The activation energies required to form β-C2S at 1200–1225 °C and 1225–1300 °C are 374.13 kJ/mol and 66.51 kJ/mol, respectively. This study is beneficial for achieving flexible control of the mineral composition of NHBSAC clinker, providing a theoretical basis and practical experience for the preparation of low-carbon cement and the optimization design of its mineral composition.

Temperature and catalyst are critical factors influencing the catalytic hydrogenation of bio-oil. This study employed the industrial Ni-based catalyst RZ409 as the research subject and systematically evaluated its applicability at various reaction temperatures (200, 250, 280, 300, and 330 °C). The oil phase yield, oil properties, and chemical composition were analyzed to determine the optimal temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis were utilized to evaluate the influence of temperature on the carbon deposition characteristics of the catalyst. Results showed that the optimum temperature of catalyst RZ409 is 300 °C. At this temperature, the weight factor (WF) reaches a maximum of 26.5%, balancing oil phase yield (39.7%) and oxygen removal efficiency (66.6%). The oil quality improves significantly, with water content reduced to 2.0% and calorific value increased to 37.1 MJ·kg⁻¹. TG, XRD, FTIR, and BET surface area analysis confirmed that carbon deposition on the catalyst can be effectively removed by combustion, with a low activation energy of 31.35 kJ·mol⁻¹ at 300 °C. This study provides valuable theoretical and experimental support for the industrial application of bio-oil catalytic hydrogenation upgrading technology.

A series of graphite oxide samples were prepared using the modified Hummers method. Flake graphite was used as the raw material and the reaction temperature of the aqueous solution was changed (0 °C, 30 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, and 100 °C). X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectral analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle tests were performed to characterize the structure, chemical bonding, type, and content of oxygen-containing functional groups of the graphite oxide samples. The results showed that the type and content of each oxygen-containing functional group could be controlled by changing the reaction temperature with the addition of water. As the temperature of the system increased, the degree of oxidation of the graphite oxide samples first increased and then decreased. Too high a temperature (100 °C) of the system led to the formation of epoxy groups by the decomposition of some hydroxyl groups in the samples, causing the reduction of oxygen-containing functional groups between the graphite layers, poor hydrophilic properties, and low moisture content. When the system temperature was 50 °C, the interlayer spacing of the graphite oxide samples was at its highest, the graphite was completely oxidized (C/O = 1.85), and the oxygen-containing functional groups were mainly composed of hydroxyl groups (accounting for approximately 28.88% of the total oxygen-containing functional groups). The high content of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups had good hydrophilic ability and showed the highest moisture content. The sample at 50 °C had better sensitivity to ammonia because of its high hydroxyl group and carboxyl group content, with the sample showing an excellent profile when the ammonia concentration was 20–60 ppm.

In the present work, the effect of reaction temperature and urea concentration on the electrochemical performance of NiO nanoparticles is investigated. The NiO nanosheets are synthesized by a facile and economical, hydrothermal method. The structural and morphological characterizations of the synthesized nanoparticles are done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The nanosheet morphology is developed when NiO is synthesized at 110 °C by keeping 01:02 proportion of nickel nitrate and urea in the growth solution. Formation of multiple highly porous microspheres is observed when NiO is grown directly on the nickel foam. The electrochemical performance of the developed electrodes is analysed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The binder-free electrode prepared by using these NiO nanosheets is able to display a magnificent specific capacity of 408 C/g (815 F/g) at 10 mV/s and 418 C/g (1045F/g) at 1 A/g. This electrode has shown a noteworthy cyclic stability by retaining 87.5% of its specific capacity after 1000 cycles, even at a high current density of 14A/g. The electrochemical performance of binder-enriched and binder-free electrodes and their dependence on the morphology of the NiO nanoparticles are analysed and discussed in this work. The asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled by considering NiO nanosheet-based electrode as anode, activated carbon-based electrode as the cathode and 6 M KOH/PVA-based gel as electrolyte. The asymmetric supercapacitor has delivered a maximum energy density of 22.5 Wh/kg at 0.9 kW/h.

Al/NH4CoF3-Φ (Φ = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0) binary composites and Al-NH4CoF3@P(VDF-HFP) ternary composites are fabricated via ultrasonication-assisted blending and electrostatic spraying. The effect of equivalence ratio (Φ) on the reaction properties is systematically investigated in the binary Al/NH4CoF3 system. For ternary systems, electrostatic spraying allows both components to be efficiently encapsulated by P(VDF-HFP) and to achieve structural stabilization and enhanced reactivity through synergistic interfacial interactions. Morphological analysis using SEM/TEM revealed that P(VDF-HFP) formed a protective layer on Al and NH4CoF3 particles, improving dispersion, hydrophobicity (water contact angle increased by 80.5% compared to physically mixed composites), and corrosion resistance. Thermal decomposition of NH4CoF3 occurred at 265 °C, releasing NH3 and HF, which triggered exothermic reactions with Al. The ternary composites exhibited a narrowed main reaction temperature range and concentrated heat release, attributed to improved interfacial contact and polymer decomposition. Combustion tests demonstrated that Al-NH4CoF3@P(VDF-HFP) achieved self-sustaining combustion. In addition, a simple validation was done by replacing the Al component in the aluminium-containing propellant, demonstrating its potential application in the propellant field. This work establishes a novel strategy for designing stable, high-energy composites with potential applications in advanced propulsion systems. [Display omitted] •Effective encapsulation by electrostatic spray using P(VDF-HFP).•Corrosion-resistant encapsulation layer provides composites aging resistance.•Functional gases activate Al and increase the gas production capacity of the system.•Two fluorides enhance the combustion performance of composites.•Potential applications for high reactivity and high gas production.

Magnesium phosphate (MgP) has garnered growing interest in hard tissue replacement processes due to having similar biological characteristics to calcium phosphate (CaP). In this study, an MgP coating with the newberyite (MgHPO4·3H2O) was prepared on the surface of pure titanium (Ti) using the phosphate chemical conversion (PCC) method. The influence of reaction temperature on the phase composition, microstructure, and properties of coatings was systematically researched with the use of an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), a contact angle goniometer, and a tensile testing machine. The formation mechanism of MgP coating on Ti was also explored. In addition, the corrosion resistance of the coatings on Ti was researched by assessing the electrochemical behavior in 0.9% NaCl solution using an electrochemical workstation. The results showed that temperature did not obviously affect the phase composition of the MgP coatings, but affected the growth and nucleation of newberyite crystals. In addition, an increase in reaction temperature had a great impact on properties including surface roughness, thickness, bonding strength, and corrosion resistance. Higher reaction temperatures resulted in more continuous MgP, larger grain size, higher density, and better corrosion resistance.

Sex determination and differentiation in reptiles is complex. Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), genetic sex determination (GSD) and the interaction of both environmental and genetic cues (sex reversal) can drive the development of sexual phenotypes. The jacky dragon ( Amphibolurus muricatus ) is an attractive model species for the study of gene–environment interactions because it displays a form of Type II TSD, where female-biased sex ratios are observed at extreme incubation temperatures and approximately 50 : 50 sex ratios occur at intermediate temperatures. This response to temperature has been proposed to occur due to underlying sex determining loci, the influence of which is overridden at extreme temperatures. Thus, sex reversal at extreme temperatures is predicted to produce the female-biased sex ratios observed in A. muricatus . The occurrence of ovotestes during development is a cellular marker of temperature sex reversal in a closely related species Pogona vitticeps . Here, we present the first developmental data for A. muricatus , and show that ovotestes occur at frequencies consistent with a mode of sex determination that is intermediate between GSD and TSD. This is the first evidence suggestive of underlying unidentified sex determining loci in a species that has long been used as a model for TSD.

In this study, polyols have been prepared via liquefaction of wastes of four types of bamboo, namely, Dendrocalamus asper (Betong), Gigantochloa levis (Beting), Bambusa vulgaris (Minyak), and G. scortechinii (Semantan). The effects of reaction temperatures and times on the yield percentage, hydroxyl number and viscosity were investigated. The study revealed that under a temperature of 150 °C and a duration of 60 min, the most optimum results were achieved, including a yield of 94.59%, a hydroxyl number of 342.83 mg KOH/g, and a viscosity of 231.60 cP. The study also suggests that a mixture of bamboo wastes can be used for the liquefication process to obtain a comparable result with bamboo waste of single species, which is more practical for the industries to adopt. The polyols produced were dark brown in colour and they were undergone bleaching process using hydrogen peroxide with potassium carbonate serving as the activator. The colour of the liquefied bamboo polyol was successfully changed to a light yellowish tone by adding 60% hydrogen peroxide and stirring for a period of 12 h. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) results showed that bleached and unbleached bamboo polyols only showed slight distinctions indicates that the chemical composition and structure of the untreated liquefied bamboo did not undergo significant changes as a result of the bleaching process.

Ce-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce:YAG) phosphor powder was synthesized with a precursor reaction at room temperature. The YAG phase appeared after sintering the precursor powder at 800°C, and the intermediate phase disappeared when the annealing temperature was increased to 1000°C. The morphology of Ce:YAG particles presented a spherical shape or a connected body and a minimum average grain size of about 41.6 nm. Using this improved sol–gel method, 10 at.% Ce-doped YAG with a high color rendering index was prepared, and cerium dioxide caused by concentration quenching was not found in the sample annealed at 900°C. We utilized the powder to prepare a white light-emitting diode (LED) device, and the spectral data showed a good luminous effect. In addition, by utilizing precursor powders (instead of phosphors), we prepared YAG:Ce/Eu-doped Bi-B glass via a one-step method and briefly analyzed its optical properties.