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"reciprocity"
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The Roots of Reciprocity: Gratitude and Reputation in Generalized Exchange Systems
Social scientists often study the flow of material and social support as generalized exchange systems. These systems are associated with an array of benefits to groups and communities, but their existence is problematic, because individuals may be motivated to take from the system without giving back to it. Researchers have identified two broad processes governing prosociality in generalized exchange systems: generalized reciprocity (a person who receives help from someone pays it forward by helping a third person) and indirect reciprocity (a person who helps another establishes a prosocial reputation and, as a consequence, later receives help from a third person). Although generalized exchange systems can be based on either process, generalized and indirect reciprocity are based on different mechanisms and, with few exceptions, have been investigated independently. Here we present an integrated approach to generalized exchange that (1) specifies when each process is most likely to promote prosocial behavior, (2) details the implications for resource inequalities in generalized exchange systems, and (3) describes how generalized and indirect reciprocity jointly influence prosocial behavior. Results from four new experiments strongly support the theoretical arguments.
Journal Article
Nonlinear targeted energy transfer: state of the art and new perspectives
Following a brief review of current progress in the field of nonlinear targeted energy transfer (TET), we discuss some general ideas and methods in this field and describe certain possible future venues for further developments; these go beyond the current paradigm of implementing TET by means of nonlinear energy sinks. Four such emerging research fields are discussed, namely (i) the new and promising concept of intermodal targeted energy transfer, (ii) the implementation of TET in nonlinear acoustic metamaterials, (iii) the break of classical reciprocity in elastodynamics in the context of TET, and (iv) the role of TET on the bandwidth of general classes of nonlinear resonators. Our aim is to describe the main ideas, summarize recent developments, outline possible directions for future work, and possibly trigger further research in the discussed topics and also in other possible TET-related topics not discussed herein.
Journal Article
Clustering and flocking of repulsive chiral active particles with non-reciprocal couplings
Recently, non-reciprocal systems have become a focus of growing interest. Examples occur in soft and active matter, but also in engineered quantum materials and neural (brain) networks. Here, we investigate the impact of non-reciprocity on the collective behavior of a system of (dry) chiral active matter. Specifically, we consider a mixture of ‘circle swimmers’ with steric interactions and non-reciprocal alignment couplings. Based on hydrodynamic equations which we derive from a set of Langevin equations, we explore the interplay of non-reciprocity, finite size, and chirality. We first consider, as a reference, one-species systems with reciprocal couplings. Based on a linear stability analysis and numerical simulations, we here observe three different types of collective behavior, that is, flocking, motility-induced phase separation, and a combination of both. Turning then to a non-reciprocal system, we find that non-reciprocity can turn otherwise stationary instabilities into oscillatory ones, affect the relative orientation of flocks, and, crucially, change the general type of instability. This illustrates the drastic impact of non-reciprocity on the emergent collective dynamics of chiral active matter systems, with potentially far-reaching biological implications.
Journal Article
Always room for one more
In this Scottish folk song, a generous family always has room for another person and invites in everyone who passes by.
Book
Green Innovation and Performance: The View of Organizational Capability and Social Reciprocity
Synthesizing insights from a dynamic capability perspective and social network theory, this study identifies the factors influencing green innovation and examines the relationships between influencing factors, green innovation, and performance. This study uses structural equation modeling to test the research hypotheses. The results indicate that dynamic capability, coordination capability, and social reciprocity are significant drivers of green innovation, including green product innovation and green process innovation. Green product and process innovation have positive effects on environmental performance and organizational performance. These findings are relevant to firms in quest of green management and innovation.
Journal Article
I owe you one : a novel
\"An irresistible story of love and empowerment about a young woman with a complicated family, a handsome man who might be 'the one,' and an IOU that changes everything. Fixie Farr has always lived by her father's motto: 'Family first.' But ever since her dad passed away, leaving his charming kitchen supply store in the hands of his children, Fixie spends all her time picking up the slack from her siblings instead of striking out on her own. The way Fixie sees it, if she doesn't take care of her father's legacy, who will? It's simply not in Fixie's nature to tell people 'no.' So when a handsome stranger in a coffee shop asks her to watch his laptop for a moment, Fixie not only agrees--she ends up saving it from certain disaster. Turns out the computer's owner is an investment manager named Sebastian. To thank Fixie for her quick thinking, he scribbles an IOU on a coffee sleeve and attaches his business card. But Fixie laughs it off--she'd never actually claim an IOU from a stranger. Would she? Then Fixie's childhood crush Ryan comes back into her life and his lack of a profession pushes all of Fixie's buttons. She wants nothing for herself, but for Seb to give Ryan a job. And Seb agrees, until the tables are turned once more and a new series of IOU's between Seb and Fixie--from small favors to life-changing moments--ensue. Soon Fixie, Ms. Fixit for everyone else, is torn between her family and the life she really wants. Does she have the courage to take a stand for herself? Will she finally grab the life, and love, she really wants?\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Impacts of user interactions on trust development in C2C social commerce
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the effect of two types of reciprocity (restricted reciprocity and generalized reciprocity) on customers’ trust in social commerce (s-commerce) and trust performance (purchase intention and word-of-mouth intention). Furthermore, this study examines how individual and contextual moderators (personal shopping experience and community shared language) could impact the trust development process.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted a survey method and obtained data from 287 users in a customer-to-customer (C2C) s-commerce platform. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the research hypotheses.FindingsThe results demonstrate that two types of reciprocity positively affect trust in s-commerce. Customers’ trust performance is significantly affected by trust in s-commerce. Additionally, shopping experience in s-commerce is found to positively moderate the relationship between restricted reciprocity and trust in s-commerce.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings help to understand the nature and role of reciprocity in influencing trust and trust-related behaviors in the context of C2C s-commerce. The research also helps to explore the individual and contextual moderators that impact the effect of reciprocity on trust development.Practical implicationsThe results offer a comprehensive view of trust building strategies for s-commerce practitioners, including shoppers, vendors and managers of s-commerce platforms.Originality/valueThis study is among the first few research studies that offers a theory-based conceptualization of reciprocity in C2C s-commerce and provides empirical support for the impact of reciprocity on customers’ trust in C2C s-commerce. In addition, this study devises a broader view of reciprocity based on restricted and generalized exchange principle to represent the interaction of vendor–shopper and shopper–shopper, respectively.
Journal Article