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The sucking insect, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), is originally from Australia and reduces the productivity of Eucalyptus crops. The parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is the main agent used in the integrated management of G. brimblecombei. Endosymbionts, in insects, are important in the adaptation and protection of their hosts to the environment. The intracellular symbionts Wolbachia, induces reproductive changes such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, male death and parthenogenesis. The objective of this study was to report the first record of Wolbachia pipientis in populations of G. brimblecombei and of its parasitoid P. bliteus in the field in Brazil. Branches with adults of G. brimblecombei and P. bliteus were collected from eucalyptus trees in commercial farms in six Brazilian states and, after emergence, the insects obtained were frozen at -20 °C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the Wolbachia endosymbiont. Wolbachia pipientis was identified in individuals of G. brimblecombei and its parasitoid P. bliteus from populations of the counties of Agudos and Mogi-Guaçu (São Paulo State), Itamarandiba (Minas Gerais State) and São Jerônimo da Serra (Paraná State) in Brazil

Abstract Exotic Eucalyptus spp. are the most planted trees species in forest cultivation in Brazil. The red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), an invasive exotic pest, reduces the development and wood production of Eucalyptus spp. plantations. The search for natural enemies targeting the egg life stage is beneficial for the integrated pest management of G. brimblecombei. The objective of this work was to test a range of Coccinellidae species that potentially prey on G. brimblecombei eggs. Cycloneda sanguinea Linnaeus, Eriopsis conexa Germar, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Jaguarita conjugata Mulsant and Olla v-nigrum Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), reported to be associated with G. brimblecombei infestations, were evaluated. Newly emerged adults of O. v-nigrum and J. conjugata preyed on G. brimblecombei eggs, unlike C. sanguinea, E. conexa, H. axyridis and H. convergens. Predation of eggs by O. v-nigrum was highest, with a mean of 1,016 in 24 hours. These results, evaluating a range of Coccinellidae as predators of G. brimblecombei eggs, confirm the high predation rate of G. brimblecombei eggs by O. v-nigrum and that this ladybug may be important in the integrated management of this pest. Resumo O gênero Eucalyptus ocupa a maior área plantada no setor florestal brasileiro com alta produtividade. O psilídeo de concha Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), praga exótica, reduz o desenvolvimento e produção de madeira nesses plantios. A busca de inimigos naturais para a fase de ovos de G. brimblecombei é essencial para complementar o manejo integrado e quebrar o ciclo da praga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a predação de ovos de G. brimblecombei por seis espécies de Coccinelidae. A predação de ovos de G. brimblecombei por Cycloneda sanguinea Linnaeus, Eriopsis conexa Germar, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Jaguarita conjugata Mulsant e Olla v-nigrum Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), comumente associadas com infestações por essa praga, foi avaliada. Adultos recém emergidos de O. v-nigrum e J. conjugata predaram ovos de G. brimblecombei, mas isto não foi observado para C. sanguinea, E. conexa, H. axyridis e H. convergens. A predação de ovos, dessa praga, por O. v-nigrum foi maior em todas as avaliações, com 1.016 após 24 horas. Estes resultados são pioneiros na utilização de coccinelídeos no manejo de pragas do eucalipto. A maior predação de ovos de G. brimblecombei por O. v-nigrum indica que este predador pode ser importante para complementar o manejo integrado dessa praga.

Abstract The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), an insect pest originating in Australia and which feeds only on Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) plants, has spread to several countries. The populations of this insect commonly reach high populations on Eucalyptus plants since its entry into Brazil, and also indicated an unrecorded behavioral. The objectives of this study were to describe a peculiar adaptation in the feeding habit of G. brimblecombei and to register the new habit. The oviposition and feeding by G. brimblecombei, commonly, on the leaves of Eucalyptus, started to occur, also, on lignified twigs. This suggests a not yet recorded adaptation of this insect to reduce insect × plant intraspecific competition. Resumo O psilídeo de concha, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), um inseto praga originário da Austrália e que se alimenta apenas de plantas de Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), se espalhou por vários países. Esse inseto, geralmente, atinge grandes populações em plantas de Eucalyptus desde sua entrada no Brasil e, também, indicou um comportamento diferente. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever uma adaptação peculiar no hábito alimentar de G. brimblecombei e registrar o novo hábito. A oviposição e alimentação por G. brimblecombei, geralmente, nas folhas de Eucalyptus, passaram a ocorrer, também, em ramos lignificados. Isso sugere uma adaptação diferente desse inseto para reduzir a competição intraespecífica inseto × planta.

Eucalyptus is the most intensively managed tree genus in the world. Different factors, including damage by insect pests, affect its growth and productivity. Among these pests is Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), an exotic insect of Australian origin. The evolutionary success of this insect depends on symbiotic associations with microorganisms. The influence of these microorganisms on insect pests and their natural enemies is important for integrated management tactics. Within this context, this work aimed to detect Arsenophonus in populations of G. brimblecombei in Brazil. Eucalyptus branches infested with G. brimblecombei nymphs were collected in commercial eucalyptus plantations in six Brazilian states. Specimens of this pest were sampled soon after emergence and frozen for molecular analysis. The genomic DNA of G. brimblecombei adults from each population was extracted and used to detect the endosymbiont Arsenophonus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) employing specific primers that target its 23 S rRNA gene. This endosymbiont was identified in all of the studied G. brimblecombei populations. This is the first report on the association between Arsenophonus and G. brimblecombei in Brazil.

The total area of forest crops in Brazil is 9.55 million hectares, of which 7.5 million hectares are Eucalyptus . These crops are the most productive in the world, but may suffer losses due to exotic pests, including Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) found in Brazil since 2003. Interactions between Eucalyptus plants and insect pests may led to the selection of resistant genotypes. Eucalyptus species are either susceptible or resistant to this pest group, but the damage they suffer needs to be evaluated. The objective was to determine possible leaf anatomy indicators of different Eucalyptus species associated with G. brimblecombei infestations, focusing on plant resistance to this pest. The study was carried out with Eucalyptus camaldulensis , Eucalyptus grandis , Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus urophylla saplings infested or not by G. brimblecombei eggs and nymphs. Eighteen anatomical characteristics of the leaves of these plants were analyzed. The number of stomata on the adaxial and abaxial sides and the glandular area in the central leaf vein are associated with greater or lesser infestation by G. brimblecombei in the Eucalyptus genotypes.

Two eucalypt-feeding psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Aphalaridae): the eucalypt shoot psyllid, Blastopsylla occidentalis Taylor and the red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore are reported from Israel for the first time. Both species belong to Spondyliaspidinae, a subfamily of jumping plant lice that feed generally on Myrtaceae, mainly eucalypts. The psyllids were collected from Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., a dominant eucalypt species in Israel. A summary of the global distribution and the host trees of the two psyllids are provided and their potential threat to eucalypts in Israel is discussed. Diagnostic information to distinguish between the two psyllids is presented, with an identification key for the adults of six eucalypt-feeding psyllid species in the Western Palearctic region.

The red gum lerp psyllid, Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), an eucalypt insect pest from Australia, was reported in Brazil in 2003. This study evaluated damage patterns of this pest on Dehn (Myrtaceae) and its hybrids X (urocam) and X (urograndis). In addition, parasitism rates of Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on collected on different eucalypt genotypes are reported. Plantation plots of three eucalypt genotypes were evaluated over one year. The eucalypt leaves were collected and examined for attack by . Nymph parasitism of by was recorded. Damage by was lower on the hybrid genotypes and on the adaxial surface of the eucalypt leaves. egg and nymph density were negatively correlated with monthly rainfall. Nymph parasitism of by was low (2.9%) independent of genotype and did not vary throughout the year. Our data indicate the use of less susceptible eucalypt genotypes (e.g., hybrids) as an alternative to management. Because of the current low mortality rates for resulting from parasitism, biological control with this natural enemy is not recommended as a management strategy for .

The genus Eucalyptus , native to Australia, is the host of psylloid insects such as the red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei , a major Eucalyptus pest introduced into Brazil among other countries. The encyrtid Psyllaephagus bliteus is a primary parasitoid used in the biological control of G. brimblecombei . This study aimed to determine the parasitism of G. brimblecombei by P. bliteus released in eucalyptus plantations. Investigations were carried out in a 19-ha eucalyptus plantation comprised of 9-year-old Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) in the municipality of Luiz Antônio, São Paulo State, Brazil. Twenty P. bliteus pairs were released at five points in the study area between May and September 2006 and 2007 approximately every 20 days. For evaluation of parasitism, ten leaves per twig were randomly selected and unparasitized nymphs of G. brimblecombei , mummies (parasitized nymphs of G. brimblecombei ) and empty mummies (after emergence of P. bliteus adults) were counted on their abaxial and adaxial parts before and after each release of P. bliteus . The parasitism rates of G. brimblecombei in 2006 and 2007 were 0.21–5.92% and 0.28–7.03% in the control; these values rose to 28.28–78.57% and 30.32–79.34%, respectively, in areas involved in parasitoid release. Parasitism levels of G. brimblecombei nymphs in areas with P. bliteus release were affected by the environmental temperature, which is discussed as a potential limitation to the establishment of this parasitoid and to its effectiveness as a biological control agent.

Forest plantations with Eucalyptus spp. (L’ Hér) in Brazil are highly yielding. However, this activity is more and more threatened due to interactions with phytophagous insects, especially by exotic species, such as the red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). This study aimed to evaluate the resistance in eucalyptus against the psyllid in oviposition and biological development assays, attempting to identify potential genotypes resistant to the pest for forest plantations. In addition, we tested the hypothesis of that concentration of total phenolics and lignin, and amount of epicuticular wax were associated with the expression of resistance. Results showed that there was variation in the levels of resistance among the genotypes assessed. Oviposition non-preference was observed on Eucalyptus citriodora (Hook) in free-choice and no-choice tests, and Clone FP 10 was least preferred in the no-choice test. The genotypes E. citriodora and Clone FP 6 provided 100 % nymphal mortality, and Clones FP 7 and FP 9 also affected negatively the G. brimblecombei development by lengthening the duration of the nymphal stage and reducing adult emergence. Clone FP 6 had higher concentration of total phenolics and larger contact angle formed between the water droplet and leaf surface, which may be associated with thicker layer of epicuticular wax on the leaves, and one of the causes of high nymphal mortality. Thus, the use of the resistant genotypes of eucalyptus screened against G. brimblecombei is a promising and viable alternative for forest plantations infested with this pest.

In this study, the occurrence of Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) was recorded for the first time on Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) leaves in Turkey. In addition the generalist predator Anthocoris nemoralis Fabricius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and the parasitoid of the red gum lerp psyllid Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) were also found as natural enemies. P. bliteus is also for the first time recorded in Turkey.