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In the 1930s, hundreds of scientists and scholars fled Hitler’s Germany. Many found safety, but some made the disastrous decision to seek refuge in Stalin’s Soviet Union. The vast majority of these refugee scholars were arrested, murdered, or forced to flee the Soviet Union during the Great Terror. Many of the survivors then found themselves embroiled in the Holocaust. Ensnared between Hitler and Stalin explores the forced migration of these displaced academics from Nazi Germany to the Soviet Union. The book follows the lives of thirty-six scholars through some of the most tumultuous events of the twentieth century. It reveals that not only did they endure the chaos that engulfed central Europe in the decades before Hitler came to power, but they were also caught up in two of the greatest mass murders in history. David Zimmerman examines how those fleeing Hitler in their quests for safe harbour faced hardship and grave danger, including arrest, torture, and execution by the Soviet state. Drawing on German, Russian, and English sources, Ensnared between Hitler and Stalin illustrates the complex paths taken by refugee scholars in flight.

Concerns about the problem of over-research have been reported in communities around the world, and across a wide range of fields of social science research practice for decades. Yet, despite this, over-research remains under-addressed by social scientists as a significant research concern. In this article, we discuss the problem of over-research as articulated by the residents of the Shatila Palestinian refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon – a camp which is probably one of the most heavily researched neighbourhoods anywhere, and certainly within the Palestinian diaspora. Concerns voiced by Shatila residents focus on three issues, in particular: the relationship of research to expectations and promises of social change; alienation from researcher practices and questions and misgivings about researcher identities and agendas; and the impact of research on social relationships and identities within the Shatila camp itself.

Why did Americans vote for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential election? Social scientists have proposed a variety of explanations, including economic dissatisfaction, sexism, racism, Islamophobia, and xenophobia. The current study establishes that, independent of these influences, voting for Trump was, at least for many Americans, a symbolic defense of the United States’ perceived Christian heritage. Data from a national probability sample of Americans surveyed soon after the 2016 election shows that greater adherence to Christian nationalist ideology was a robust predictor of voting for Trump, even after controlling for economic dissatisfaction, sexism, anti-black prejudice, anti-Muslim refugee attitudes, and anti-immigrant sentiment, as well as measures of religion, sociodemographics, and political identity more generally. These findings indicate that Christian nationalist ideology—although correlated with a variety of class-based, sexist, racist, and ethnocentric views—is not synonymous with, reducible to, or strictly epiphenomenal of such views. Rather, Christian nationalism operates as a unique and independent ideology that can influence political actions by calling forth a defense of mythological narratives about America’s distinctively Christian heritage and future.

Since Russia invaded in February, an estimated 4,900 civilians have died in Ukraine, some 6,000 have been injured and more than 5.6 million have left for countries in Europe, creating the region's biggest refugee crisis in a generation. Many universities and science centres have been badly damaged - the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology neutron source was bombed in March andJune, for instance. \"People have been so disgusted by Russia's actions that the normal slogans of science being international, and of researchers cooperating under all circumstances, have worn thin,\" says Loren Graham, a US historian of science in Russia and emeritus professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, who has been in contact with Russian researchers. The €1.25-billion (US$1.4-billion) European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL), for example, has postponed Russian scientists' ability to access the facility's high-energy beam, which researchers use to probe the properties of matter. [...]the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), a €3.1-billion particle collider being built in Darmstadt, Germany, is likely to face delays and extra costs.

On 25 February, the 35-year-old plasma physicist raced out of Kyiv to her home village 80 kilometres away, hoping to escape the coming attacks on Ukraine's capital city. Among them are the country's estimated 95,000 researchers. [...]they were part of a modernizing scientific system that was beginning to throw off its Soviet-era shackles and integrate more closely with European research. Six months ago, there was a lot of interest in Ukraine and young people were heading up research departments, says George Gamota, a Ukrainian-born US physicist who left in 1944 and helped Ukraine to develop its scientific system after it gained independence in 1991. Scientists worldwide have stepped up to help their colleagues through grassroots efforts such as #ScienceForUkraine, which has collated thousands ofjob offers at labs worldwide for Ukrainian researchers in need. [...]in many cases, research and university teaching is continuing where possible at Ukrainian institutions, led by scientists who have remained at home or by refugee researchers who continue their work from overseas.

Votes show Swiss public still supports some animal research Urgent demands for COVID-19 treatments during the pandemic seem to have altered the Swiss public's view of the importance of research animals. Since the 1980s, the number of research animals used annually in Switzerland has fallen from 2 million to half a million (see go.nature. com/3w5d6tt). [...]75% of53,421 voters in the canton of Basel City - cradle of the Swiss chemical and pharmaceutical sectors - rejected a draft local law to secure the rights of laboratory primates (see go.nature.com/3q5yfiw). Stress-test the resilience of critical infrastructure The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction is developing strategies for stress-testing the resilience of important infrastructure that could be affected by multiple stressors, including climate change. Stress-testing with this in mind demands new ways of thinking and new tools, with applications such as levee integrity against floodwaters, transport infrastructure amid a refugee crisis, or hospital bed capacity after a mass casualty event.

The low cost OCV has been a gamechanger, says John Clemens, Senior Scientific Advisor at the International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea, and former Executive Director at icddr,b. “Shahla has been the leading figure on introduction of low cost oral cholera vaccines into programmes for the poor, leading crucial clinical trials and working with government in its massive rollouts of OCV for the Rohingya in Cox's Bazar and other cholera-affected populations in Bangladesh”, he says, using the nickname close colleagues have for Qadri. In an extraordinary joint effort by icddr,b, the Government of Bangladesh, international agencies, and non-governmental organisations, almost 1 million doses of vaccine were delivered in a month to 155 vaccination sites in the refugee camps in Cox's Bazar, with the help of local volunteers and community leaders. [...]I assume her work on this cholera vaccine would be Qadri's proudest achievement.

Global warming has already hit the Middle East hard, and projections indicate this region will suffer profound problems in coming decades as rainfall grows more unpredictable, rising temperatures accelerate evaporation and the land grows drier. Steven Gorelick, a hydrogeologist at Stanford University in California, who has done extensive research into Jordan's water crisis, says that, with so few new options for fresh water, the country \"will be centre stage in showing how a semi-arid region deals with the devastating impacts of a warmer and drier regional climate.\" The country continues over-pumping groundwater, and Ali Subah, secretary-general of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, blames the need to do so on the sharp increase in the number of refugees. Since becoming a state in 1946, Jordan has absorbed Palestinians, Iraqis and Syrians, plus smaller numbers of Sudanese, Somalis and Yemenis. The Azraq oasis is a prime example. Since the springs in Azraq dried up 30 years ago, Jordan's Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature has tried to restore the oasis.