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Under the premise that the external input of nitrogen and phosphorus is controlled, the endogenous release has become the dominant factor of lake eutrophication. In order to understand the degree of eutrophication of the landscape lake and the release of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediment, a sediment lake in Jinan was used as a test object,three sampling points were set near the inlet, outlet and reed bushes of the landscape lake to collect water samples. And sediment samples, the three indicators of TN, NH4+-N and TP in the water body and TN, NH4+-N, TP, pH, DW, LOI in the sediment were analyzed. Release of TN, NH4+-N and TP in sediments under different temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and disturbance conditions. The results show that both elevated temperature and low DO can accelerate the release of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediment, while high DO can inhibit the release of N and P in the sediment; acidic conditions are favorable for the release of TN and NH4+-N, and alkaline conditions are favorable for TP release; disturbance can accelerate the release of nitrogen in the sediment, but has little effect on total phosphorus release.

Phosphorus (P) use efficiency in alkaline/calcareous soils is only 20% due to precipitation of P 2 O 5 with calcium and magnesium. However, coating Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) is more appropriate to increase fertilizer use efficiency. Therefore, with the aim to use inorganic fertilizers more effectively present study was conducted to investigate comparative effect of coated DAP with PSB strains Bacillus subtilis ZE15 (MN003400), Bacillus subtilis ZR3 (MN007185), Bacillus megaterium ZE32 (MN003401) and Bacillus megaterium ZR19 (MN007186) and their extracted metabolites with uncoated DAP under axenic conditions. Gene sequencing was done against various sources of phosphorus to analyze genes responsible for phosphatase activity. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) gene amplicon of 380bp from all tested strains was showed in 1% w/v gel. Release pattern of P was also improved with coated fertilizer. The results showed that coated phosphatic fertilizer enhanced shoot dry weight by 43 and 46% under bacterial and metabolites coating respectively. Shoot and root length up to 44 and 42% with metabolites coated DAP and 41% with bacterial coated DAP. Physiological attributes also showed significant improvement with coated DAP over conventional. The results supported the application of coated DAP as a useful medium to raise crop yield even at lower application rates i.e., 50 and 75% DAP than non-coated 100% DAP application which advocated this coating technique a promising approach for advancing circular economy and sustainable development in modern agriculture.

Nitrogenous fertilizers have low efficiency in alkaline calcareous soils due to volatilization and denitrification. These losses cause economic environmental constraints. Coating of urea with nanoparticles (NPs) is an innovative strategy to improve crop yields by sustaining N availability. In the current study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized by precipitation method and characterized for morphology and configuration, bond formation, and crystal assemblage using the X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM results confirmed the size of ZnO NPs in the size range of 25 nm with cuboid shape. Urea fertilizer, coated with ZnO NPs, was applied to wheat crop in a pot trial. Two rates of ZnO NPs at 2.8 and 5.7 mg kg −1 were selected to coat the commercial urea. A batch experiment was conducted to ensure the ammonium (NH 4 + ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ) ions release by amending the soil with ZnO NPs coated urea and comparing with non-amended soil. The gradual release of NH 4 + was observed for 21 days from the ZnO NP-coated urea. In the second part of trial, seven different treatments of coated and uncoated urea were tested on wheat crop. Urea coated with ZnO nanoparticles at 5.7 mg kg −1 improved all growth attributes and yields. The ZnO NP coated urea increased the N content shoot (1.90 g 100g −1 DW) and potentially biofortified Zn content (47.86 mg kg −1 ) in wheat grain. The results are indicative of viability of a novel coating for commercial urea that will not only reduce N losses but also supplement Zn without additional cost of labor.

To investigate the effect of the airflow velocity on the mechanism through which aerosol is released in granule-based heated tobacco products (HTPs), experiments were conducted using two airflow pathways: open-ended and closed-ended configurations. The patterns of release of aerosol collected mass (ACM) and key aerosol components (nicotine, water, glycerol, and propylene glycol) and the distribution patterns of nicotine, glycerol, and propylene glycol in smoked cigarettes were measured. The results indicated that for the open-ended pathway, the airflow velocity did not strongly affect the total release amounts of ACM and its key components. The distribution of each component in the cigarette after it was smoked was also found to be relatively unaffected by the airflow velocity. However, for the closed-ended pathway, as the airflow velocity was decreased, the ACM and its total release amount decreased, and the residual amounts of each component in the tobacco granules and filter rod increased. In addition, the puff-by-puff release patterns of aerosols and their key components were different for the two airflow pathways. Specifically, for both pathways, the puff-by-puff ACM and water release gradually decreased after peaking quickly, whereas the levels of glycerol gradually increased, peaking at 7 or 8 puffs. The amounts of propylene glycol and nicotine first increased and then decreased for the open-ended pathway, reaching a peak at 4 or 5 puffs, whereas for the closed-ended pathway, these amounts gradually increased and peaked at 7 or 8 puffs. The aerosol particle size distribution results revealed that due to different processes of aerosol condensation and nucleation, as the airflow velocity was decreased, the aerosol number concentration and volume concentration decreased for both pathways but the median particle size increased. The closed-ended pathway resulted in a greater decrease or increase than did the open-ended pathway.

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are commonly released by plants upon damage, thereby providing volatile signals for other plants to prepare against the major causes of damage, herbivory, pathogen infection, and cold stress. However, while the biosynthesis of these compounds is generally well understood, little is known about the qualities and quantities that are released by different plant species, nor is it known if release patterns can be associated with different clades of plants. Here, we provide a first study describing the damage-induced release of major GLVs by more than 50 plant species. We found major differences in the quantity and quality of those compounds between different plant species ranging from undetectable levels to almost 100 µg per gram fresh weight. We also found major shifts in the composition that correlate directly to the quantity of emitted GLV. However, we did not find any major patterns that would associate specific GLV release with distinct clades of plants.

Rice husk is a bulky by-product from rice milling industries and its disposal is a major environmental concern. It is a rich source of silica which can be exploited to develop newer silicon products besides alleviating environmental contamination. Chemical synthesis of silica nanoparticles from ethyl or methyl orthosilicates is costly, toxic and environmentally not sustainable. Hence, the present study was aimed to synthesize nanosilica particles from rice husk via thermal decomposition (500–700 °C) and characterized through FESEM-EDAX, TEM, XRD and FTIR. Nanosilica obtained from rice husk calcined at 700 °C showed spherical morphology with little agglomeration, siloxane bonding, amorphous nature and high purity (99%). It also has comparatively lesser pH, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density, solubility and higher reactivity than the products obtained at 500 °C and 600 °C. An incubation experiment was conducted by incubating varied levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 30, 40 mg kg −1 ) of newly synthesized nanosilica for 80 days and found a linear increase in available silicon with increasing levels of nanosilica addition. Application of nanosilica at 40 mg kg −1 registered higher release of available silicon content in soil up to 60 days with a slight decrease at 80 days. The data obtained on the silicon release from synthesized nanosilica over a period of incubation time in soil were fitted in various kinetic equations and observed that pseudo-second-order equation describes the silicon release in a better way than other models (R 2  = 0.99). In conclusion, rice husk-derived nanosilica proves to be a sustainable and efficient silicon source, which enhanced the silicon availability in soil through slow release for more than 60 days.

Lotus (Nelumbo spp.) is a valuable plant resource with promising applications in the cosmetic and food industries. To effectively utilize the aromatic compounds of lotus flowers, it is essential to clarify the optimal harvesting organ and flowering stage. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were employed to investigate the volatile profiles of four lotus cultivars across different flowering stages and floral organs. A total of 63 volatile compounds were identified, including 36 terpenes, 10 benzenoids/phenylpropanoids, and 17 fatty acid derivatives. Among them, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene was the dominant aromatic compound. The volatile profiles of petals differed significantly from those of the other five floral organs. The appendages, a component of the stamens, released the highest concentrations of volatiles, with peak emission at the initial-flowering or full-flowering stages. However, due to pollen dispersal, lotus flowers at full flowering were unsuitable for food or cosmetic applications. Thus, appendages harvested during the initial-flowering stage were the most suitable material for high-quality extraction. This study lays a foundation for the industrial development of lotus flower fragrance.

Under the premise of controlling the external input of nitrogen and phosphorus, endogenous release is the main cause of eutrophication in lakes. To investigate the characteristics of endogenous nitrogen and phosphorus release from urban rivers, the Yitong River, an urban river in northern China, was used as an experimental object. Eight sampling sites were set up in the upstream, urban, and downstream regions of an urban section. The nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient exchange fluxes at the sediment-water interface of the Yitong River were assessed by analyzing the sediment and overlying water, and the effects of environmental factors on nitrogen and phosphorus release were investigated using static release experiments. The results showed that the diffusive fluxes of endogenous total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), and total phosphorus (TP) in the urban section of the Yitong River ranged from −1.571 to 19.365 mg·(m2·d)−1, −0.171 to 9.227 mg·(m2·d)−1, and −0.052 to 0.595 mg·(m2·d)−1, respectively. The diffusive fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were all greater under anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions. The diffusive fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus were influenced by changes in pH, DO, and temperature of the overlying water, and the release of phosphorus from the sediment was accelerated by high temperatures in the range of 5–25 °C. Acidic conditions favored the release of TN, whereas alkaline conditions favored the release of TP from the sediment. Furthermore, during the control of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, it should be noted that fluxes are higher in spring and autumn. Thus, when appropriate techniques should be implemented to achieve better control. These findings are intended to provide a reference for the study of nitrogen and phosphorus diffusion fluxes at the sediment-water interface in urban rivers and other surface waters around the world.

Proteomics combined with peptidomics approaches were used to analyze the protein degradation and the release pattern of umami peptides in stewed chicken. The results showed that a total of 422 proteins were identified, of which 273 proteins consistently existed in samples stewed for 0–5 h. Myosin heavy chain exhibited the highest abundance (26.29–30.26%) throughout the stewing process. The proportion of proteins under 20 kDa increased progressively with the duration of stewing and reached 61% at 4–5 h of stewing. A total of 8018 peptides were detected in the soup samples, and 2323 umami peptides were identified using the prediction platforms iUmami-SCM, UMPred-FRL, Umami_YYDS, and TastePertides-DM. Umami peptides derived from titin (accession number A0A8V0ZZ81) were determined to be the most abundant, accounting for 24% of the total umami peptides, and Val534 and Lys33639 were the key N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids of these umami peptides. Abundance analysis showed that the umami peptides KK16 and SK18 ranked among the top 5 in the samples stewed for 0–5 h, and they were most abundant in the 3 h stewed samples. The results obtained will provide data support for promoting the industrialization of high-quality chicken soup products.

Having up-to-date knowledge on the mineralization of organic materials and release of nutrients is of paramount significance to ensure crops’ nutrient demands, increase nutrient use efficiency and ensure the right fertilizer application at the right time. This study seeks to evaluate the mineralization patterns of various manures viz. cowdung (CD), cowdung slurry (CDSL), trichocompost (TC), vermicompost (VC), poultry manure (PM), poultry manure slurry (PMSL), and mungbean residues (MR). The objective being to establish their efficiency in releasing nutrients under aerobic (field capacity) and anaerobic (waterlogging) conditions. The incubation experiment was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) that took into account three variables: Manures, soil moisture, and incubation period. The mineralization of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) ranged from 11.2 to 100.1% higher under aerobic conditions rather than anaerobic ones. The first-order kinetic model was used to mineralize both elements. C mineralization was 45.8 to 498.1% higher in an amount from MR under both moisture conditions. For N release, MR and PM exerted maximum amounts in anaerobic and aerobic scenarios, respectively. However, the rate of C and N mineralization was faster in TC compared to other manures in both moisture conditions. Although TC was 1.4 to 37.7% more efficient in terms of rapidity of mineralization, MR and PM performed better concerning the quantity of nutrient release and soil fertility improvement. PM had 22–24% higher N mineralization potential than PMSL while CDSL had 46–56% higher N mineralization potential than CD. C and N mineralization in soil was greater under aerobic conditions compared to what occurred in the anaerobic context. Depending on mineralization potential, the proper type and amount of manure should be added to soil to increase crops’ nutrient use efficiency, which in turn should lead to better crop production.