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This study proposes a stochastic optimisation model for the day-ahead scheduling in power systems, which incorporates the hourly demand response (DR) for managing the variability of renewable energy sources (RES). DR considers physical and operating constraints of the hourly demand for economic and reliability responses. The proposed stochastic day-ahead scheduling algorithm considers random outages of system components and forecast errors for hourly loads and RES. The Monte Carlo simulation is applied to create stochastic security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) scenarios for the day-ahead scheduling. A general-purpose mixed-integer linear problem software is employed to solve the stochastic SCUC problem. The numerical results demonstrate the benefits of applying DR to the proposed day-ahead scheduling with variable RES.

Although the impact of integrating solar and wind sources into the power system has been studied in the past, the chaos caused by wind and solar energy generation has not yet had broader mitigation solutions notwithstanding their rapid deployment. Many research efforts in using prediction models have developed real-time monitoring of variability and machine learning predictive algorithms in contrast to the conventional methods of studying variability. This study focused on the causes and types of variability, challenges, and mitigation strategies used to minimize variability in grids worldwide. A summary of the top ten cases of countries that have successfully managed variability in their electrical power grids has been presented. Review shows that most of the success cases embraced advanced energy storage, grid upgrading, and flexible energy mix as key technological and economic strategies. A seven-point conceptual framework involving all energy stakeholders for managing variability in power system networks and increasing variable renewable energy (VRE)-grid integration has been proposed. Long-duration energy storage, virtual power plants (VPPs), smart grid infrastructure, cross-border interconnection, power-to-X, and grid flexibility are the key takeaways in achieving a reliable, resilient, and stable grid. This review provides a useful summary of up-to-date research information for researchers and industries investing in a renewable energy-intensive grid.

The use of variable renewable energy sources to generate electricity introduces a dependency on meteorological factors into power systems. With the renewables share growing globally, often driven by political pressures, the reliability and efficiency of power systems are increasingly affected by this dependency. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the natural variability of meteorological parameters on the European power system in 2030. We specifically focus on (1) analysing the main European weather patterns affecting renewable energy production and (2) understanding the co-variability of this production among European countries. The identification of a set of patterns in the behaviour of key power system operation indicators allows us to analyse the relationship between large-scale weather regimes and daily power system operations in a 2030 European energy context. Regarding renewable generation, analysis of the co-variability shows that European power systems tend to form two clusters, in each of which all the regions tend to show a positive correlation among themselves and a negative correlation with the other cluster. Our analysis of the most important large-scale weather regimes shows that during cyclonic patterns, the carbon intensity of all the European power systems is lower than normal, while the opposite happens during blocking regimes.

Environmental decarbonization drives the world to find better ways to generate and store energy. Sustainable energy in the form of solar and wind is explored with the use of conventional energy storage systems (batteries) to close the gap. Green energy generation is weather-dependent, leading to power output fluctuations, and the short-term variability in irradiance adversely affects the system’s energy output and reliability. Standalone operation of a generating system necessitates a storage energy unit that manages transient loading and effectively shares power between the load and energy storage. This article presents an approach to managing energy fluctuations when renewable energy sources fluctuate, this occurs when short-term variability in irradiance, and transient loading occurs. The approach uses supercapacitors as a short-term energy storage solution. The proposed configuration has the following key advantages: effective power sharing, rapid charge, and discharge cycles in supercapacitors result in voltage restoration under transient conditions. The performance of the system is confirmed in MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed study confirms that integrating supercapacitors with PV systems does provide significant power oscillation management when sudden variations occur in renewable sources. A practical test was performed using smaller components following the same concept, and the results supported the hypothesis. The results show that the output voltage is managed when oscillation in irradiance occurs. This is seen in the simulation without supercapacitors when the output voltage fluctuates between 100 and 450 V within the first second of the simulation; however, with the introduction of SC, the voltage becomes stable and maintains an output of 620 V within 0.02 seconds. This is further supported by the experimental outcomes where almost 50% of the solar panel is covered and the output voltage is maintained.

Climate change modulates both energy demand and wind and solar energy supply but a globally synthetic analysis of supply–demand match (SDM) is lacking. Here, we use 12 state-of-the-art climate models to assess climate change impacts on SDM, quantified by the fraction of demand met by local wind or solar supply. For energy systems with varying dependence on wind or solar supply, up to 32% or 44% of non-Antarctic land areas, respectively, are projected to experience robust SDM reductions by the end of this century under an intermediate emission scenario. Smaller and more variable supply reduces SDM at northern middle-to-high latitudes, whereas reduced heating demand alleviates or reverses SDM reductions remarkably. By contrast, despite supply increases at low latitudes, raised cooling demand reduces SDM substantially. Changes in climate extremes and climate mean make size-comparable contributions. Our results provide early warnings for energy sectors in climate change adaptation. Energy demand patterns will shift under climate change, but so will generated electricity, particularly as the wind and solar power supply increases. Here the authors model the impacts of climate change on future supply–demand match, highlighting the importance of changes in climate variability.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of hybrid waste‐to‐energy (WTE) systems that integrate anaerobic digestion (AD) and biomass gasification, emphasizing their synergistic benefits in sustainable energy production and waste management. By combining biochemical and thermochemical processes, these hybrid systems maximize energy recovery, optimize resource utilization, and significantly mitigate environmental impacts. The study highlights the principles and operational dynamics of standalone AD and gasification technologies, showcasing how their integration addresses limitations such as incomplete biomass conversion and excessive digestate production. Hybrid systems demonstrate superior performance in converting diverse biomass feedstocks, including municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural residues, and food waste, into renewable energy and valuable by‐products. Advancements in reactor designs, pretreatment techniques, and system configurations are discussed, with a focus on enhancing energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Pretreatment methods such as AD pretreatment and advanced sorting mechanisms are explored to address feedstock variability and improve process stability. Key synergies, such as utilizing waste heat from gasification to dry AD residues, further boost overall system efficiency. The paper identifies critical operational parameters such as feedstock composition and reactor conditions that influence system performance and explores emerging solutions. Economic and environmental benefits, such as improved energy yields and cost efficiency, demonstrate the potential of hybrid AD–gasification systems. Despite the advantages, challenges persist, particularly in scaling hybrid systems and managing feedstock variability. Infrastructural limitations and the complexity of balancing AD and gasification processes remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. By reviewing existing research and case studies, this paper underscores the critical role of hybrid systems in achieving global renewable energy goals and sustainable waste management practices. Ultimately, hybrid AD–gasification systems offer a promising pathway for transitioning to cleaner energy systems, maximizing waste valorization, and supporting the global shift toward a circular economy.

Climate change is a global problem, and the policy-makers are trying their best to mitigate the impacts of drastic climate variability. Considering the mandate of Kyoto Protocol, this work investigates the individual and interactive impacts of renewable energy, economic growth, government effectiveness, and foreign investment towards carbon emissions in selected South Asian countries of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. The annual data of 1996–2019 has been analyzed by adopting advance methods. After confirming the cross-sectional dependence in the panel data, Westerlund cointegration test confirms the strong association of 1% level among the variables. Cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag approach is employed to present long- and short-run coefficient values, which shows all data is having cross-sectional dependence at 1% level. Renewable energy and its interactive terms with government effectiveness and FDI are environmental friendly. A 1% increase in renewable energy is lowering CO2 emissions by 13.95%. Moreover, 1% increase in governance is reducing carbon emissions by 7.68%. This shows that these governments should integrate the FDI with renewable energy in the context of strict environmental policies. The attention should be on to generate more renewable energy. This can be done by importing latest technologies and to develop the domestic research and development expenditures.

In recent decades, wave power (WP) energy from the ocean is one of the cleanest renewable energy sources associated with oceanic warming. In Indo-Pacific Ocean, the WP is significantly influenced by natural climate variabilities, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In this study, the impact of major climate variability modes on seasonal extreme WP is examined over the period 1979–2019 using ERA5 reanalysis data and the non-stationary generalized extreme value analysis is applied to estimate the climatic extremes. Independent ENSO influence after removing the IOD impact (ENSO| IOD ) on WP are evident over the northeast and central Pacific during December–February, and March–May, respectively, which subsequently shifts towards the western Pacific in June–August (JJA) and September–November (SON). The ENSO| PDO impact on WP exhibits similar yet weaker intensity year round compared to ENSO. Extreme WP responses due to the IOD| ENSO include widespread decreases over the tropical and eastern Indian Ocean, with localized increases only over South China and Philippine seas and Bay of Bengal during JJA, and the Arabian Sea during SON. Lastly, for the PDO| ENSO , the significant increases in WP are mostly confined to the Pacific, and most prominent in the North Pacific. Composite analysis of different phase combinations of PDO (IOD) with El Niño (La Niña) reveals stronger (weaker) influences year-round. The response patterns in significant wave height, peak wave period, sea surface temperatures, and sea level pressure help to explain the seasonal variations in WP.

The interlaboratory comparability and reproducibility of all-solid-state battery cell cycling performance are poorly understood due to the lack of standardized set-ups and assembly parameters. This study quantifies the extent of this variability by providing commercially sourced battery materials—LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 for the positive electrode, Li 6 PS 5 Cl as the solid electrolyte and indium for the negative electrode—to 21 research groups. Each group was asked to use their own cell assembly protocol but follow a specific electrochemical protocol. The results show large variability in assembly and electrochemical performance, including differences in processing pressures, pressing durations and In-to-Li ratios. Despite this, an initial open circuit voltage of 2.5 and 2.7 V vs Li + /Li is a good predictor of successful cycling for cells using these electroactive materials. We suggest a set of parameters for reporting all-solid-state battery cycling results and advocate for reporting data in triplicate. More transparent protocol reporting and comprehensive battery cell data are needed. Twenty-one research groups joined forces to assess solid-state battery performance and found considerable differences in assembly protocols that cause variable results.

Solar photovoltaics (PV) plays an essential role in decarbonizing the European energy system. However, climate change affects surface solar radiation and will therefore directly influence future PV power generation. We use scenarios from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) for a mitigation (SSP1-2.6) and a fossil-fuel-dependent (SSP5-8.5) pathway in order to quantify climate risk for solar PV in Europe as simulated by the Global Solar Energy Estimator (GSEE). We find that PV potential increases by around 5 % in the mitigation scenario, suggesting a positive feedback loop between climate change mitigation and PV potential. While increased clear-sky radiation and reduced cloud cover go hand in hand in SSP1-2.6, the effect of a decrease in clear-sky radiation is outweighed by a decrease in cloud cover in SSP5-8.5, resulting in an increase in all-sky radiation. Moreover, we find that the seasonal cycle of PV generation changes in most places, as generation grows more strongly in winter than in summer (SSP1-2.6) or increases in summer and declines in winter (SSP5-8.5). We further analyze climate change impacts on the spatial variability of PV power generation. Similar to the effects anticipated for wind energy, we report an increase in the spatial correlations of daily PV production with large inter-model agreement yet relatively small amplitude, implying that PV power balancing between different regions in continental Europe will become more difficult in the future. Thus, based on the most recent climate simulations, this research supports the notion that climate change will only marginally impact renewable energy potential, while changes in the spatiotemporal generation structure are to be expected and should be included in power system design.