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The Polish Resettlement Corps 1946 to 1949 : Britain's Polish forces
At the end of the Second World War, the Polish Allied Forces under British Command refused to stand down when America, the Soviet Union and Britain decided that Poland would be part of Russia's new sphere of interest in Europe. This defiant gesture became known as the 'Polish problem' and was extremely symbolic, for it threatened to embarrass Britain's entry into the War on behalf of Polish independence. To resolve the issue Britain established the Polish Resettlement Corps, under the country's first ever mass immigration legislation. The initiative was just as much a face saving exercise, as it was a noble act of one ally on behalf of another.
Book
Fortification-spatial framework of the great Silk road Misimian branch
This article is devoted to the Great Silk Road as one of the branches fortification-spatial framework reconstruction which passed across the territory of the North Caucasus in the Mismian direction. As an initial condition for identifying the Great Silk Road Misimian branch fortification-spatial framework, the trade routes scheme having an archaeological rationale, derived by V.A. Kuznetsov. As a result of the study, a spatial-spatial pattern of resettlement in this Great Silk Road segment was revealed; the Great Silk Road strategically important sections of the Misimian direction were highlighted; the fortified settlements on the Misimian branch Great Silk Road types are identified.
Journal Article
Hiawatha Valley Farm Cooperative and Its Enduring Impact on Hmong in Minnesota by Chia Youyee Vang and Mao Justice Vang
In this historical article, the authors explore the Hiawatha Valley Farm Cooperative and its significance in Hmong history in Minnesota. The cooperative was the first organized effort to promote economic self-sufficiency through agricultural opportunities in rural Minnesota for Hmong refugees who resettled in the state during the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Journal Article
A Study on Updating the Model for Monitoring and Evaluation of Involuntary Resettlement Based on the Experience of China
The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of involuntary resettlement has been implemented for over 30 years since being introduced, achieving significant results in preventing resettlement risks and safeguarding the rights and interests of the persons affected (APs). However, the situation surrounding resettlement has changed significantly over these decades, as the interests of the APs have become more diverse and their social class differentiation has become more pronounced, implying that approaches regarding the governance of resettlement risks must be adjusted. Based on the experience of China, we intend to update the original model for M&E of involuntary resettlement, proposing that the two monitoring systems for risk-susceptible groups and the APs’ development should be set up separately in the monitoring model, and specific monitoring indicators defined within each system. In terms of the evaluation model, we introduce the meta-model of evaluation to strengthen the organic relationship among various evaluation units and enhance the overall capacity of the evaluation. Furthermore, the evaluation should be implemented in general resettlement, risk-susceptible groups resettlement and APs’ development.
Journal Article
The Urban Refugee
The presence of the refugee in the contemporary metropolis is marked by precarity, a quality that has become a characteristic feature of the neoliberal urban milieu. Bringing together essays from diverse disciplines, from architectural history to cultural anthropology and urban planning, this collection sheds light on both the specificities of the contemporary urban condition that affects the refugees and the multi-dimensional impact that the refugees have on the city. The authors propose investigating this connection through three interlinked themes: identity (informality, imagination and belonging); place (transnational homemaking practices); and site (the navigation of urban space).
In recent years, there has been a significant growth in scholarship on forced migration, particularly on the relationship between displacement and the built environment. Scholars have focused on spatial practices and forms that arise under conditions of displacement, with much attention given to refugee camps and the social and political aspects of temporariness. While these issues are important, the essays in this volume aim to contribute to a less explored aspect of displacement, namely the interaction between refugees and the cities they inhabit. In this respect, the volume underlines the specificity of the urban refugee as well as their spatial agency and investigates the irreversible effect they have on the contemporary urban condition.
The authors argue that viewing urban refugees solely as dislocated individuals outside the camp-like spaces of containment fails to understand the agency of the urban refugee and the blurred boundaries of identity that result. The term \"refugee crisis\" objectifies and denies active agency to refugees, homogenizing dislocated individuals and groups. The neoliberalization of the past four decades has led to the precarization of labour and the displacement of refugees, who frequently blend into the urban environment as hidden populations. Refugees are subjected to constant surveillance and the state's attempts to control them. However, these attempts are not uncontested, and the involvement of activist interventions further politicizes the urban refugee.
eBook
Improving refugee integration through data-driven algorithmic assignment
The continuing refugee crisis has made it necessary for governments to find ways to resettle individuals and families in host communities. Bansak et al. used a machine learning approach to develop an algorithm for geographically placing refugees to optimize their overall employment rate. The authors developed and tested the algorithm on segments of registry data from the United States and Switzerland. The algorithm improved the employment prospects of refugees in the United States by ∼40% and in Switzerland by ∼75%. Science , this issue p. 325 A machine learning–based algorithm for assigning refugees can improve their employment prospects over current approaches. Developed democracies are settling an increased number of refugees, many of whom face challenges integrating into host societies. We developed a flexible data-driven algorithm that assigns refugees across resettlement locations to improve integration outcomes. The algorithm uses a combination of supervised machine learning and optimal matching to discover and leverage synergies between refugee characteristics and resettlement sites. The algorithm was tested on historical registry data from two countries with different assignment regimes and refugee populations, the United States and Switzerland. Our approach led to gains of roughly 40 to 70%, on average, in refugees’ employment outcomes relative to current assignment practices. This approach can provide governments with a practical and cost-efficient policy tool that can be immediately implemented within existing institutional structures.
Journal Article
Community governance in rural villager resettlement neighborhoods in China: rural-urban divide, civic engagement, and state control
In China, to meet the demand of expansive urbanization, the state expropriates rural land from village collectives and offers resettlement arrangement to landless villagers. The aim of this study is to advance our understanding of the community governance in government-designated resettlement neighborhoods in Chinese cities. By employing participatory observations and key informant interviews with community association staff and resettled villagers in four neighborhoods in Shanghai, this research documents and evaluates an emerging multi-scalar civic coalition formed to maximize the capacity of community governance. The study finds that the new collation is maintained through strategic networks, information exchange, resource sharing, and reciprocal collaborations. Critiques of the regime spotlight its three shortfalls: the conflicts among regime partners which threatens the stability of the coalition; the justice issue behind differentiated standards that creates divides among community members; and the lack of citizen connection and support that questions the resilience of the regime.
Journal Article
Forced displacement: critical lessons in the protracted aftermath of a flood disaster
Forced displacement and resettlement is a pervasive challenge being contemplated across the social sciences. Scholarly literature, however, often fails to engage complexities of power in understanding socio-environmental interactions in resettlement processes. Addressing Zimbabwe’s Tokwe-Mukosi flood disaster resettlement, we explore hegemonic uses of state power during the pre- and post-flood induced resettlement processes. We examine how state power exercised through local government, financial, and security institutions impacts community vulnerabilities during forced resettlement processes, while furthering capitalist agendas, drawing insights from analysing narratives between 2010 and 2021. Concerns abound that multiple ministries, the police, and the army undermined displaced people’s resilience, including through inadequate compensation, with state institutions neglecting displaced communities during encampment by inadequately meeting physical security, health, educational, and livestock production needs. We explore how forcibly resettling encamped households to a disputed location is not only an ongoing perceived injustice regionally but also a continuing reference point in resettlement discussions countrywide, reflecting concerns that land use and economic reconfigurations in resettlement can undermine subsistence livelihoods while privileging certain values and interests over others. Policy lessons highlight the need for reviewing disaster management legislation, developing compensation guidelines and reviewing encampment practices. Analytically, lessons point to how state power may be studied in relation to perspectives on the destruction of flood survivors’ connections to place, people and livelihoods, underscoring the critical need for theorising the relationships between power dynamics and diverse experiences around displacement.
Journal Article
Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil War
Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil War is
one of few books available in English to provide an overview of the
Colombian civil war and drug war. Abbey Steele draws on her own
original field research as well as on Colombian scholars' work in
Spanish to provide an expansive view of the country's political
conflicts. Steele shows how political reforms in the context of
Colombia's ongoing civil war produced unexpected, dramatic
consequences: democratic elections revealed Colombian citizens'
political loyalties and allowed counterinsurgent armed groups to
implement political cleansing against civilians perceived as loyal
to insurgents.
Combining evidence collected from remote archives, more than two
hundred interviews, and quantitative data from the government's
displacement registry, Steele connects Colombia's political
development and the course of its civil war to purposeful
displacement. By introducing the concepts of collective targeting
and political cleansing, Steele extends what we already know about
patterns of ethnic cleansing to cases where expulsion of civilians
from their communities is based on nonethnic traits.
eBook