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China is the world’s largest consumer of synthetic nitrogen (N), where very low rates of fertilizer N recovery in crops have been reported, raising discussion around whether fertilizer N use can be significantly reduced without yield penalties. However, using recovery rates as indicator ignores a possible residual effect of fertilizer N—a factor often unknown at large scales. Such residual effect might store N in the soil increasing N availability for subsequent crops. The objectives of the present study were therefore to quantify the residual effect of fertilizer N in China and to obtain more realistic rates of the accumulative fertilizer N recovery efficiency in crop production systems of China. Long-term spatially-extensive data on crop production, fertilizer N and other N inputs to croplands in China were used to analyze the relationship between crop N uptake and fertilizer N input (or total N input), and to estimate the amount of residual fertilizer N. Measurement results of cropland soil N content in two time periods were obtained to compare the change in the soil N pool. At the provincial scale, it was found that there is a linear relationship between crop N uptake and fertilizer N input or total N input. With the increase in fertilizer N input, annual direct fertilizer N recovery efficiency decreased and was indeed low (below 30% in recent years), while its residual effect increased continuously, to the point that 40%–68% of applied fertilizer was used for crop production sooner or later. The residual effect was evidenced by a buildup of soil N and a large difference between nitrogen use efficiencies of long-term and short-term experiments.

Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.), as a long-duration and nutrient-intensive crop, is particularly susceptible to micronutrient depletion, especially under intensive cultivation. Despite the essential roles of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) in plant growth and metabolism, their management is often neglected, and their residual effects on ratoon crops remain underexplored. The present study aims to optimize Zn and B supplementation to enhance yield and quality in plant cane while assessing their carry-over effects on ratoon productivity for improved and sustainable micronutrient management in tropical agroecosystems. Field experiments were conducted at three sites on the College Farm, NAU, Navsari during the winter seasons from 2017 to 18 to 2019–20 for plant cane and from 2018 to 19 to 2020–21 for ratoon cane, to evaluate the direct effects of B and Zn application on plant sugarcane and their residual effects on ratoon sugarcane. The treatments included four levels of boron (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 kg ha⁻¹) and four levels of zinc (0, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 kg ha⁻¹), applied along with the recommended dose of fertilizers. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with three replications, and the data were subjected to pooled analysis of variance over the years. Significant individual effects of boron and zinc on sugarcane growth and yield was observed. Millable cane height, weight, and the yield of cane and green trash were significantly higher with a B application of 3 kg ha -1 and a Zn application of 10 kg ha -1 . Nutrient application influenced the chemical composition of sugarcane, increasing brix (%), sucrose (%), and commercial cane yield (%), particularly at the same application rates. Nutrient content and uptake in sugarcane, specifically nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P₂O₅), potassium (K₂O), boron (B), and zinc (Zn) increased significantly with the application of boron at 3 kg ha -1 and zinc at 10 kg ha -1 . No noticeable interaction effect was observed between B and Zn on the yield and quality parameters of both the sugarcane and its ratoon.

Native bees are vital pollinators in the Neotropical Region and can serve as bioindicators for maintaining floral diversity in natural environments. However, the use of pesticides, specifically neonicotinoids, in agroecosystems has led to a decline in these pollinating organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the topical (contaminated mist) and residual (contaminated food) acute effect of the insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) on a stingless bee species (native to Brazil) with wide geographical distribution (Tetragonisca angustula) and two species restricted to certain regions (Tetragonisca fiebrigi and Tetragonisca weyrauchi) to determine LC10–48 h and LC50–48 h. The bees were exposed to various concentrations of IMI, in both topical and residual effect tests, and the results showed that low concentrations of the insecticide adversely affected the survival of all three species, with T. angustula being the most sensitive. The study also compared the sensitivity of the three species to the standard insecticide Dimethoate, and the results confirmed that T. angustula was the most sensitive. The findings of this study provide crucial ecotoxicological information, particularly concerning the residual effects of neonicotinoids on stingless bees. This evidence reinforces the urgent need to expand research on the effects of neonicotinoids on these important pollinators, so commonly found in nature and meliponaries. In addition, this research contributes significantly to filling the existing knowledge gap about the effects of pesticides on bee species native to Brazil, bringing to light the potential risks that these chemicals pose to the survival of these pollinators and emphasizing the urgent need for efforts of conservation in favor of these precious pollinating agents.

Stable isotopes (e.g., 15 N) can be used to develop best practices for fertilizer management in cereal crops under tropical conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine the N contribution from fertilizer and soil to wheat and corn grown in rotation and the residual N contribution from fertilizer applied to wheat and carried over to corn under Brazilian savannah conditions. This study was established in a no-till system on Rhodic Haplustox soil in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The N treatments applied to the wheat crops were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 160 kg (urea- 15 N) ha −1 . The residual effects of N on the succeeding corn crop were evaluated. During the corn phase, two additional treatments were included: a control (0 N) and a treatment with 160 kg N ha −1 . Regression analysis showed that the highest estimated wheat yield (5415 kg ha −1 ) was observed with the application of 114 kg N ha −1 . Significant effects from the residual N were observed in the corn shoot biomass and straw N uptake. On average, the recovery rate of the urea N fertilizer was 34% for wheat, and the residual urea N fertilizer use in corn (when applied to wheat) was less than 5% of the amount initially applied. The effect of the residual N was not enough to meet the N demands of the succeeding corn crop. The results of this study provide producers and the scientific community with good estimates of nitrogen use efficiency for wheat and corn.

Short-term mitigation of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by biochar soil amendments has been reported, but limited knowledge of the mechanisms, particularly those associated with long term changes, remain relatively unknown. In order to investigate potential mechanisms and residual effect of biochar on NH3 and N2O emission, a 3-year field trial was set up on an Ultisol in western Kenya with a three-replicate full factorial treatment structure. The factors investigated include the following: biochar (from eucalyptus wood, pyrolyzed at 550 °C, applied once before the start of the experiment at either 0 or 2.5 t ha−1); tithonia green manure applied at the start of each season at either 0, 2.5, or 5.0 t ha−1; mineral nitrogen (N) (as urea applied each season at either 0 or 120 kg N ha−1). NH3 as well as N2O emission and water-filled pore space (WFPS) were monitored throughout the 3 years. In the third year, soil mineral nitrogen (exchangeable NH4+ and NO3−) contents were measured. Biochar reduced cumulative emissions of NH3 and N2O by 47 ± 5 and 22% ± 3, respectively, over the 3 years. Over the 3 years, the effect size of biochar was reduced by 53 and 59% for NH3 and N2O, respectively, indicating that the residual effect of biochar on NH3 and N2O persists at least up to 3 years under field conditions. Tithonia and urea additions increased both gas emissions by 13–68% compared to the control. Combination of the three amendments reduced cumulative NH3 emissions by 18 ± 3%, but had no effect on cumulative N2O. Our results show that biochar can influence emissions of NH3 and N2O longer than most previous studies have reported but is not explained by N dynamics. Other mechanisms such as direct interactions with oxidized biochar surfaces could be more likely to account for the residual effect of biochar on NH3 and N2O in agricultural soils.

Intermittent androgen suppression in the prostate cancer is often relapsed by the increasing of prostate specific antigen level during the on-treatment. Historically, chemotherapy has had a limited role in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, new agents are showing promise in patients with advanced disease. Intermittent androgen suppression plus chemotherapy in pulsed pattern has become an indispensable clinical scheme for prostate cancer, which is presented to describe the transformation mechanism for three kinds of cancer cells in this paper. The model is then extended to include the residual effect of chemotherapy which suppresses the cancer cells production, thereby preventing the relapse. The optimal controls represent the efficiencies of both intermittent androgen suppression and chemotherapy in suppressing relapse of prostate cancer. Based on an optimal algorithm, numerical simulations are implemented not only to show the optimal durations of on- and off-treatment and chemotherapy dosages but also to present the effectiveness of different strategies in inhibiting the relapse for three types of patients. Results reveal that the optimal intermittent androgen suppression scheme with alterable treatment cycles is pivotal for type I and II patients, in part because it can greatly reduce the on-treatment time and degrade the level of prostate specific antigen. Furthermore, optimal hybrid schedule even averts the relapse of prostate cancer for type II and III patients. Finally, comparing the prostate specific antigen under intermittent androgen suppression schedule with residual effect of chemotherapy to one without residual effect of chemotherapy demonstrates the validity of both our model and algorithms in lessening the prostate specific antigen and decreasing the chemotherapy dosages.

Sunobinop is a novel, potent, selective partial agonist at nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptors. The primary objective of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to assess the next-day residual effects of an evening dose of sunobinop in healthy participants. Participants were randomized into 1 of 5 treatment sequences. Treatment consisted of 1 dose each of sunobinop 0.2, 0.6, 2, and 6 mg suspension and placebo suspension. Key pharmacodynamic (PD) measures included the digit symbol substitution test (DSST), Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS), and body sway. The randomized safety population consisted of 25 participants. The DSST, KSS, and body sway showed dose-dependent effects following the administration of sunobinop, with no significant differences versus placebo at sunobinop doses <2 mg. At sunobinop 2 mg, PD effects were relatively small in magnitude and inconsistent. The last timepoint where significant differences between sunobinop 2 mg and placebo on the DSST, KSS, and body sway were observed was at 12 h, 16.5 h, and 13.5 h postdose, respectively. Sunobinop 6 mg resulted in larger and consistent PD effects, with significant differences from placebo at all timepoints up to 16.5–18 h postdose. Somnolence was the most frequently reported adverse event (AE), and all AEs were mild-to-moderate. No deaths occurred during the study or discontinuations due to an AE. Overall, a nighttime oral dose of sunobinop up to 2 mg was safe and generally well tolerated in healthy participants with limited next-day residual effects that were consistent with other sedative/hypnotic drugs.

•The impact of Kinesio taping, especially on pain, may remain unchanged as a residual effect in the short term following treatment.•In the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE), pain scores showed significant improvement in true taping group compared to the placebo taping group.•The pain reduction achieved by Kinesio taping has been helpful for adherence at the beginning of an exercise program.•The effects of Kinesio taping on muscle strength, quality of life, and function in chronic lateral epicondylitis are not superior to placebo. Lateral epicondylitis is degenerative tendinosis of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle and is the most common work/sports-related chronic musculoskeletal problem affecting the elbow. This study aimed to evaluate the short term and residual effectiveness of the Kinesio taping method on pain, grip force, quality of life, and functionality. Randomized, double-blinded, controlled study. Subjects were 50 patients diagnosed with chronic unilateral lateral epicondylitis with a symptom duration of at least 12 weeks. During the first four weeks, the study group received a true inhibitor Kinesio taping while the control group received sham taping. In both groups, progressive stretching and strengthening exercises were given as a home program for six weeks. The primary outcome measure was the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for self-report of pain intensity; secondary outcome measures were Cyriax resistive muscle test evaluation, maximal grip strength, Patient- Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE), and Short Form-36 (SF-36). After the treatment, patients were evaluated by the first assessor who was blinded to taping types. There was a significant decrease in NRS scores overtime during the first four weeks in both groups (P < .001,) and effect sizes were large. There was no significant difference in Cyriax muscle resistance test maximal grip strength between groups (P > .05). However, there was a significant improvement in muscle strength of elbow extension and pronation in the study group detected in the intragroup analysis. Intragroup comparisons also showed a significant improvement in all subunits of the PRTEE and SF-36 except energy/vitality, social functioning, and pain in both groups (P < .05) with moderate to high effect sizes. PRTEE pain scores were significantly decreased in the study group compared to the placebo group (P < .05, d = 0.48). The effects of Kinesio taping on muscle strength, quality of life, and function in chronic lateral epicondylitis are not superior to placebo. However, NRS scores showed that in the two weeks after Kinesio taping treatment, pain reduction persisted as a residual effect which may improve the exercise adherence and functionality.

With the climate change problems being strongly emphasized by the international communities, sharing electric bicycle is promoted to reduce air pollution in China. However, the consumer attitude, intention, and behavior on the electric bicycle is not well verified. We thus propose a theoretical framework that hypothesizes service quality, attitude, subject norm, perceived behavioral control, and residual effects of past behavior on the intention and behavior toward the shared electric bicycles. An online survey was conducted with 503 users of the bicycles in China at year 2018, and the data were analyzed with the partial least sequenced structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). We find that shared electric bicycle’s service quality has a positive effect on attitude toward shared electric bicycle and behavior intention, which, in turn, influence low-carbon commuting of shared electric bicycle’s behavior. However, the residual effects of past behavior has no effect on further behavior of shared electric bicycles. Moreover, we also find that perceived behavioral control positively affect shared electric bicycle’ intention and positively moderate the relationship between attitude and behavioral intention. Based on our findings, we discuss the policy implications and further studies.

Soybean cultivation in Ghana is limited mainly to the Guinea savanna and the forest/savanna transitional agro-ecological zones. Although soybean can be cultivated in the semi-deciduous forest zone, low soil pH and limited nodulation limit its productivity in this zone. In this study, a randomized complete block design, with four replications, was used to test if rhizobia inoculation and/or p-fertilizer could improve yield of soybean in the semi-deciduous forest zone. The residual effects of the treatments were tested on maize and soybean sequentially during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. The inoculation study was repeated in 2020. Phosphorus and inoculation significantly ( p = 0.0009) increased soybean grain yield in the 2018 cropping season by 88% and 108%, respectively over the control. Co-application of P and inoculant increased grain yield 3-fold over the control. Maize grain yield ranged from 4.3 t ha −1 in the control plots to 5.2 t ha −1 in treated plots but did not differ significantly among treatments. In 2020, the combined application of P and inoculant produced a significantly (0.002) higher yield than any of the other treatments. This demonstrates that soybean can be grown economically in the semi-deciduous forest agro-ecological zone of Ghana. Co-application of P and inoculant appeared cost-effective, in terms of return on investment.