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\"Understand the fundamental theory and practical design aspects of green and soft wireless communications networks with this expert text. It provides comprehensive and unified coverage of 5G physical layer design, as well as design of the higher and radio access layers and the core network, drawing on viewpoints from both academia and industry. Get to grips with the theory through authoritative discussion of information-theoretical results, and learn about fundamental green design trade-offs, software-defined network architectures, and energy-efficient radio resource management strategies. Applications of wireless big data and artificial intelligence to wireless network design are included, providing an excellent design reference, and real-world examples of employment in software-defined 5G networks and energy-saving solutions from wireless communications companies and cellular operators help to connect theory with practice. This is an essential text for graduate students, professionals and researchers\"-- Provided by publisher.

Background The Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG12) promotes patterns that minimize waste and maximize resource utilization. It is therefore plausible that preventing Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and promoting oral health can contribute to sustainable consumption. In addition, sustainable consumption and production can contribute to the control of ECC. This scoping review aimed to explore the possible evidence on the link between ECC and the SDG12 targets. Methods This scoping review identified articles on the link between resource consumption and production and caries according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) were systematically searched in August 2023, using specific search terms. Studies written in English, with full text available, addressing dental caries and linked with waste minimization and resource utilization maximisation, with results that could be extrapolated to ECC in children less than 6 years of age) were included. Descriptive statistics were planned to summarize the categories of retrieved papers. Results The initial search yielded 904 articles, with 863 screened for eligibility after the removal of duplicates. No studies were identified that reported data on an association between responsible consumption and production of resources factors and ECC. Conclusion This scoping review did not identify any articles published in English on evidence of the direct associations between ECC and SDG12 targets. However, there is a plausibility of such a link using minimum intervention dentistry for ECC management as a waste prevention and resource utilisation maximization strategy.

Blockchain technology, known for its decentralized, trustless, and immutable nature, is gaining traction across various industries. As Blockchain 3.0 is expected to see widespread adoption in the sharing economy and energy trading, its associated energy consumption could have significant environmental implications. This study introduces an environmentally extended input–output (EEIO) model to assess the environmental impacts—such as freshwater use, PM2.5 emissions, CO 2 emissions, atmospheric Hg, and solid waste generation—linked to blockchain‐driven electricity demand. By analyzing scenarios based on projected cryptocurrency hash rates and hardware efficiencies, the study evaluates how large‐scale blockchain adoption affects resource consumption and environmental emissions across sectors. The results show that Monero’s design leads to higher resource consumption and environmental impact, with freshwater use being the most affected, followed by greenhouse gas emissions and PM2.5 levels.

Water resource is an important and irreplaceable resource for human society. With the increasing shortage of water resources, the study of water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) has become a key and hot issue in the field of water resources science. In this study, a typical karst area (Guiyang) is selected as the research object. And two concepts of WRCC are proposed to assess scales of population, agriculture and economy which could be supported by local water resources, and the two kinds of WRCC are the carrying capacity of consumption amount of water resource (CCCWR) and the carrying capacity of total amount of water resource (CCTWR). Results showed that whether taking China or Guizhou Province as the reference area, WRCC of Guiyang was very low from 2003 to 2017, and the potential of WRCC was also low. Apart from actual values of cultivated land were lower than values of CCCWR and CCTWR for cultivated land, actual values of GDP and population were all greater than that of CCCWR and CCTWR for GDP and population. While there is a close positive correlation between total water resources and precipitation. When comparing Wuhan (a non-karst region) with Guiyang (a typical karst area), although the two cities have the same total amounts of water resources, Wuhan's water resources consumption amounts are nearly four times that of Guiyang. The problem of engineering water shortage in karst areas is very serious, and karst landforms have an important impact on the use of water resources in karst areas. To ensure the effective utilization of water resources in Guiyang, reasonable policies and measures should be formulated and put into effect.

The recent growth of agriculture, industry and urban areas in Vietnam requires a large amount of water consumption as a production factor. This paper explores the water resource use efficiency (WRUE) of the Vietnamese Dong Nai River Basin during 2010–2017. Twenty-nine sub-basins of the Dong Nai River Basin are selected as decision-making units to characterize WRUE. The relationship between water use and the socio-economic development is analyzed using the WRUE in the social and economic subsystems. The results show that: (1) most water is used by agriculture (72% of water resource consumption), next to industry (12%) and service (9%); (2) On the WRUE in both social and economic subsystems, Phuoc Hoa and Sai Gon sub-basins have the efficiency optimum. Water use in Can Don is technically efficient. Sub-basins of Dong Nai 1–8 have the lowest technical efficiency; (3) The Dong Nai River Basin has a positive change in total factor productivity over time, however WRUE decreases gradually; and (4) Urban areas use less water than the rural areas. An improvement of the WRUE is an essential way for sustaining water uses in the severe water shortage sub-basins such as Phuoc Hoa, Sai Gon, and Can Don. The study findings imply that two-stage DEA is useful for policymakers to make right decisions for water resource management and the improvement of WRUE.

Background Medical costs and the burden associated with cardiovascular disease are on the rise. Therefore, to improve the overall economy and quality assessment of the healthcare system, we developed a predictive model of integrated healthcare resource consumption (Adherence Score for Healthcare Resource Outcome, ASHRO) that incorporates patient health behaviours, and examined its association with clinical outcomes. Methods This study used information from a large-scale database on health insurance claims, long-term care insurance, and health check-ups. Participants comprised patients who received inpatient medical care for diseases of the circulatory system (ICD-10 codes I00-I99). The predictive model used broadly defined composite adherence as the explanatory variable and medical and long-term care costs as the objective variable. Predictive models used random forest learning (AI: artificial intelligence) to adjust for predictors, and multiple regression analysis to construct ASHRO scores. The ability of discrimination and calibration of the prediction model were evaluated using the area under the curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. We compared the overall mortality of the two ASHRO 50% cut-off groups adjusted for clinical risk factors by propensity score matching over a 48-month follow-up period. Results Overall, 48,456 patients were discharged from the hospital with cardiovascular disease (mean age, 68.3 ± 9.9 years; male, 61.9%). The broad adherence score classification, adjusted as an index of the predictive model by machine learning, was an index of eight: secondary prevention, rehabilitation intensity, guidance, proportion of days covered, overlapping outpatient visits/clinical laboratory and physiological tests, medical attendance, and generic drug rate. Multiple regression analysis showed an overall coefficient of determination of 0.313 ( p  < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis with cut-off values of 50% and 25%/75% for medical and long-term care costs showed that the overall coefficient of determination was statistically significant ( p  < 0.001). The score of ASHRO was associated with the incidence of all deaths between the two 50% cut-off groups (2% vs. 7%; p  < 0.001). Conclusions ASHRO accurately predicted future integrated healthcare resource consumption and was associated with clinical outcomes. It can be a valuable tool for evaluating the economic usefulness of individual adherence behaviours and optimising clinical outcomes.

Low-rise buildings in Japan are predominantly made of wood. Furthermore, the government promotes the use of wood in mid- and high-rise buildings to tackle climate change. Therefore, the environmental impact of structural lumber should be assessed. In this study, we evaluated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resource consumption associated with structural lumber production using life cycle assessment. Herein, we focused on Japanese Agricultural Standard certified structural lumber (artificially dried lumber and machine-grade structural lumber) made from Japanese roundwood. To ensure representativeness, 15 companies and 15 sawmills covering more than 50% of Japan's structural lumber production were selected and data on their production were collected. The results show that the GHG emissions and resource consumption of Japanese structural lumber are 7.99 × 10 kg-CO 2 e/m 3 and 1.77 × 10 –3  kg-Sb eq./m 3 , respectively. The major sources of GHG emissions are electricity and roundwood production. Roundwood and metal tools significantly affect resource consumption. The recycling of rare metals in tools is essential for reducing resource consumption. A significant amount of heat energy is utilized for drying, and this heat energy is supplied from both biomass and fossil fuels. GHG emissions and resource consumption are 5.3 and 1.6 times higher, respectively, if biomass fuel is replaced by fossil fuel. Policies supporting the introduction of biomass boilers have been highly effective. It is recommended to further promote measures such as replacing fossil fuel-based boilers with biomass boilers and effectively utilizing biomass boilers in multiple regional sawmills. In addition, switching from grid electricity to electricity generated by renewable energy sources is effective for further reducing environmental impacts. The long-term use of structural lumber is valid for combating global warming because it fixes carbon for decades. In this study, the CO 2 emissions from biomasaluated in terms of carbon neutrality. Appropriate forest management is a prerequisite for carbon neutrality, and the promotion of sustainable forest management, such as reforestation after logging, is crucial.

The construction sector in Germany is one of the largest contributor to climate change. The majority of waste generation, resource consumption as well as CO 2 emissions relate to the construction and operation of buildings [1][2][3]. In order to tackle such negative impacts, the construction industry has to undergo a major transformation. Circular construction is the most promising answer to close effectively material cycles and to reduce CO 2 emissions related to the manufacturing of construction materials. Stakeholders involved in construction have to review the entire life cycle of building products and buildings and develop new approaches that address such shortcomings to turn the linear way of construction into a circular one. Nowadays the strong focus on economic considerations, lacking knowledge as well as unresolved warranty issues amongst others impede this transformation process. To demonstrate the benefits of earthen materials with regards to circular construction, this study analyses the potential of two different internal partition wall systems, based on earthen as well as conventional building materials in a holistic way. Several aspects have been taken into consideration, evaluated through the physical dismantling of both wall systems as well as a LCA assessment. Construction cost as well as other material benefits, such as the hygroscopic performance of construction materials have been investigated as well. The results demonstrate that earthen materials reduce both, construction and demolition waste as well as CO 2 emissions and demonstrate a much higher water vapour sorption capacity, a material parameter relevant for the reduction of mechanical ventilations systems. Although the economical assessment shows expectable lower construction cost for the wall system based on conventional materials such figures have to be placed in relation with the other results. In fact, the analysis demonstrates clearly that a holistic approach is needed in order to achieve the necessary shift.

This study was aimed to investigate the genetic variations of Oat cultivars under in sufficient of irrigation. A field experiment was carried out at the fields of with  College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences ;University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya during 2020-2021 seasons. The experiment was carried out using a Completely Block designwithin split-plot arrangement using three replicates under two treatments (verities and irrigation intervals). The main plots were irrigation intervals with moisture(50%, 25%, and 10%), while sub-plots were the varieties (Genzania, Anatolia, Plmula, Algoda, and Al-Shifa).The results showed that the third irrigation level had 75% flowering at highest averages93.67 days , and the V4 variety had the  lowest average to  weight of 250 grains about (7.67 g ).While there was a significant differencesamong  irrigation interval 75% flowering compared with other traits  ( 22.8) ,(24.6  )and ( 7.75) respectively. While the Alogoda produced the highest yield (7.49 ton .h-1) compared with the lowest Plmula gave (5.83 ton h-1)There are differences among of varieties under irrigation intervals. The highest genotypic coefficient to yield (94.7%) and the highest value of heritability was (98.75%).to the flowering.

Plastics show the strongest production growth of all bulk materials and are already responsible for 4.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions 1 , 2 . If no new policies are implemented, we project a doubling of global plastic demand by 2050 and more than a tripling by 2100, with an almost equivalent increase in CO 2 emissions. Here we analyse three alternative CO 2 emission-mitigation pathways for the global plastics sector until 2100, covering the entire life cycle from production to waste management. Our results show that, through bio-based carbon sequestration in plastic products, a combination of biomass use and landfilling can achieve negative emissions in the long term; however, this involves continued reliance on primary feedstock. A circular economy approach without an additional bioeconomy push reduces resource consumption by 30% and achieves 10% greater emission reductions before 2050 while reducing the potential of negative emissions in the long term. A circular bioeconomy approach combining recycling with higher biomass use could ultimately turn the sector into a net carbon sink, while at the same time phasing out landfilling and reducing resource consumption. Our work improves the representation of material flows and the circular economy in global energy and emission models, and provides insight into long-term dynamics in the plastics sector. Three alternative CO 2 emission-mitigation pathways were analysed for the global plastics sector, covering their production to waste management. A circular bioeconomy strategy could achieve negative emissions in the long term, while at the same time allowing landfilling to be phased out and reducing resource consumption.