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Since revenue streams provide financial stability for business development, companies are tasked with conducting an individual revenue model, that ensures their healthy and sustainable growth. Therefore, it is important to take into account the manner of creating revenues. This initiative relates to the revenue generation mechanism which describes how revenue is generated from the offer. Our research aims to find out whether the number of revenue streams (scope of the revenue model) and other financial and production indicators can predict the amount of revenue, as well as which factors can predict the scope of the revenue model. Concurrently we have focused on analyzing the sources of revenue streams and have selected key business variables in the wine producing industry. This sector had been selected as there is a significant difference between revenue streams based on manufacturing and those based on tourism activities. This concept was created by using theoretical knowledge about the value, pricing and segmentation. The goal of our research article was to design the General Concept of the Revenue Model and to identify variables with a strong influence on it. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis confirmed the significant influence of particular predictors on the scope of the revenue model, whereby the model explains up to 80% of the variance.

Customer referral programs are an effective means of customer acquisition. By assessing a large-scale customer data set from a global cellular telecommunications provider, the authors show that participation in a referral program also increases existing customers' loyalty. In a field experiment, recommenders' defection rates fell from 19% to 7% within a year, and their average monthly revenue grew by 11.4% compared with a matched control group. A negative interaction between referral program participation and customer tenure reveals that the loyalty effect of voicing a recommendation is particularly pronounced for newer customer—firm relationships. A laboratory experiment further demonstrates that referral programs with larger rewards strengthen attitudinal and behavioral loyalty, whereas smaller rewards affect only the behavioral dimension. This article contributes to our theoretical understanding of the roles played by the commitment—consistency principle and positive reinforcement theory as mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of customer referral programs.

Digital news publishers strive to balance revenue streams in their business models: as standard advertising declines, alternatives for sustaining digital journalism arise in the forms of sponsored content, user donations and payments—one-off purchases, subscriptions or memberships, public or private grants, electronic commerce, events and consulting. An exhaustive study found 2874 active online news publications in Spain, and it observed the adoption of such models in early 2021. Advertising remains the most popular source of income for digital news operations (85.8%) and most sites rely on just one or two revenue streams (74.5%). We compare the cases in our census by their origin (digital-native or non-native), geography (local/regional or national/global) and topic scope (generalist or specialized). We find that traditional, national and specialized online media have a broader and more innovative revenue mix than digital-native, regional or local and general-interest news outlets. The comprehensiveness of this pioneering study sheds light for the first time on the risk that the lack of diversification and innovation in funding sources may imperil the financial sustainability of some online news operations in Spain, mostly those with a smaller scope and no backing from a traditional business, according to the results we present here.

This paper proposes tokenising generators' revenue streams as a novel financial instrument for electricity market risk management. The core idea is that tokenised revenue streams (RevToks) holders can directly claim a portion of a generator's energy market revenues. The novelty lies in exploring a tranched structure, creating a tiered hierarchy of RevTok claims. This approach addresses the financial challenges of non‐dispatchable renewable energy generation and volatile electricity spot markets, which expose generation firms to volumetric and price risks, potentially deterring project financiers. The manuscript introduces tranching, a scheme for fractionalising energy market revenues based on RevTok seniority. Project financiers might hold senior RevToks, ensuring first claim on generator revenues, while bulk offtakers could purchase junior RevToks as a hedge against high wholesale prices. Case study market simulations indicate that these tranched revenue sharing arrangements can, in principle, help generators, financiers, and offtakers to better manage their risk exposure. The proposed system would allow RevTok holders to directly claim shares of specific generators' revenue streams, offering a new risk management tool for various electricity market participants.

Nowadays, wine tourism belongs to the key business activities of a winery. It represents a diversification tool of a typical production company. The research paper aims to explore the relationship between wine tourism and business model parameters according to financial and production performance of a winery. The results of the parametric Independent sample t –test reveal that there is no difference in revenue, profit or gross margin between two groups of wineries with or without wine tourism activities. But the analysis gave proof about the difference in a number of revenue streams, key, and additional business activities. The effect size r for t- test was also calculated. Measuring the association between key performance indicators and wine tourism activities reveals the dependency with the number of revenue streams of a winery. Additional business activities are the most relevant parameter to perform better results in wine tourism.

This entry explores the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the football industry, highlighting the challenges, adaptations, and long-term implications for clubs across all levels. It examines the industry’s financial fragility, particularly for clubs reliant on matchday revenue, while showcasing adaptive strategies such as digital engagement, government support, and revenue diversification that sustained operations during the crisis. The pandemic exposed structural vulnerabilities within football, from elite clubs to grassroots teams, through revenue shortfalls caused by closed stadiums, cancelled matches, and reduced sponsorships. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the pandemic’s effects on revenue streams, fixed costs, player contracts, and stakeholder roles, offering insights into strategies that promote financial resilience. Case studies illustrate how elite, semi-professional, and grassroots clubs responded to financial and operational challenges, emphasising the importance of diversified income sources, proactive financial planning, and community support. By identifying lessons from the pandemic, the entry underscores the critical need for sustainable practises and resilient models to prepare the football industry for future disruptions.

Transition to electric vehicles has accelerated in diverse consumer sectors all over the world. Electric School Buses (ESBs) are a particular area of interest due to their environmental and financial potential benefits, including Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) synergies. Storing electricity in times of lower demand to supply the grid at optimal times can provide significant sustainability benefits, among them a reduction in new generation capacity and financial revenue for battery owners. ESBs, with their high-capacity batteries, have significant potential to supply the grid in V2G systems. There are more than half a million school buses in the US, with a wide geographical distribution, which have significant idle times during school days and holidays. This presents very attractive investment possibilities, providing school districts with additional revenue and supplying local communities with sustainable electricity at high-demand times. This study develops a framework to financially evaluate sustainability of ESB V2G schemes in the US. It applies data analytics, GIS, and Business Intelligence to integrate and assess publicly available data to provide stakeholders with decision-making tools in selecting optimal locations and operation times for these projects. Results indicate that revenue for these projects is significant in most schools, with some locations generating very high revenue potential. Geospatial analysis for most locations and time frames indicates very promising results, with schools potentially receiving significant income from these systems. The framework provides, therefore, relevant information for stakeholders to make sustainable decisions on the development of these projects.

We review research on revenue models used by online firms who offer digital goods. Such goods are non-rival, have near zero marginal cost of production and distribution, low marginal cost of consumer search, and low transaction costs. Additionally, firms can easily observe and measure consumer behavior. We start by asking what consumers can offer in exchange for digital goods. We suggest that consumers can offer their money, personal information, or time. Firms, in turn, can generate revenue by selling digital content, brokering consumer information, or showing advertising. We discuss the firm's trade-off in choosing between the different revenue streams, such as offering paid content or free content while relying on advertising revenues. We then turn to specific challenges firms face when choosing a revenue model based on either content, information, or advertising. Additionally, we discuss nascent revenue models that combine different revenue streams such as crowdfunding (content and information) or blogs (information and advertising). We conclude with a discussion of opportunities for future research including implications for firms' revenue models from the increasing importance of the mobile Internet.

The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) was established as a global initiative in 2002. The EITI has since become the highest profile international standard for promoting transparency and accountability in countries dependent on oil, gas, minerals, and metals. As it is built around cooperation among governments, companies, and civil society organizations, the EITI has been called a “curious coalition” by some. However, this coalition now helps drive transparency in revenues and payments in resource-rich countries across the world as part of their good governance programs.

Total hotel revenue management has emerged in the hotel industry as a next stage in the evolution of revenue management. By integrating several revenue streams including food and beverage, function space, catering, spa, retail, golf, and others with room revenue management, total revenue management enables hotels to achieve their goal in maximizing revenue in highly competitive markets. This study investigates the practices of hotel revenue management and discusses several future trends of total revenue management. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 revenue professionals. Current issues and challenges in hotel revenue management are discussed and recommendations are offered.