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"reverse osmosis"
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Algal blooms and membrane based desalination technology : dissertation
This thesis addresses the effect of algal blooms on the operation of ultrafiltration (UF) pre-treatment and seawater desalination by reverse osmosis (SWRO).
Book
Chlorination disadvantages and alternative routes for biofouling control in reverse osmosis desalination
With an ever-increasing human population, access to clean water for human use is a growing concern across the world. Seawater desalination to produce usable water is essential to meet future clean water demand. Desalination processes, such as reverse osmosis and multi-stage flash have been implemented worldwide. Reverse osmosis is the most effective technology, which uses a semipermeable membrane to produce clean water under an applied pressure. However, membrane biofouling is the main issue faced by such plants, which requires continuous cleaning or regular replacement of the membranes. Chlorination is the most commonly used disinfection process to pretreat the water to reduce biofouling. Although chlorination is widely used, it has several disadvantages, such as formation of disinfection by-products and being ineffective against some types of microbes. This review aims to discuss the adverse effect of chlorination on reverse osmosis membranes and to identify other possible alternatives of chlorination to reduce biofouling of the membranes. Reverse osmosis membrane degradation and mitigation of chlorines effects, along with newly emerging disinfection technologies, are discussed, providing insight to both academic institutions and industries for the design of improved reverse osmosis systems.
Journal Article
New membranes and advanced materials for wastewater treatment
This volume reports state-of-the-art research on new membranes, e.g. innovative solutions to fouling. Additionally, as membrane processes produce higher water purity, concerns over lower concentration contaminants (e.g. hormones, drugs, metals, toxins, and other small moclecule contaminants) must be addressed. Several chapters describe the synthesis and use of molecularly imprinted polymers - exciting new materials that can selectively remove compounds at very low concentrations. A number of chapters describe innovative materials and processes for specific metal removal and concentration.
Book
Impact of temperature and forward osmosis membrane properties on the concentration polarization and specific energy consumption of hybrid desalination system
This study investigates how temperature and forward osmosis (FO) membrane properties, such as water permeability (
A
), solute permeability (
B
), and structural parameter (
S
), affect the specific energy consumption (SEC) of forward osmosis-reverse osmosis system. The results show that further SEC reduction beyond the water permeability of 3 LMH bar
-1
is limited owing to high concentration polarization (CP). Increasing
S
by 10-fold increases FO recovery by 177.6%, causing SEC decreases by 33.6%. However, membrane with smaller
S
also increases external CP. To reduce SEC, future work should emphasize mixing strategies to reduce external CP. Furthermore, increasing the temperature from 10 to 40 °C can reduce SEC by 14.3%, highlighting the energy-saving potential of temperature-elevated systems. The factorial design indicates that at a lower temperature, increasing
A
and decreasing
S
have a more significant impact on reducing SEC. This underlines the importance of developing advanced FO membranes, particularly for lower-temperature processes.
Journal Article
Pilot project on “green” hydrogen generation at the territory of Turkmenistan
This paper recommends the production of the “green” hydrogen at the territory of Turkmenistan. The electrical energy required for the production of “green” hydrogen is generated by a photovoltaic solar station. Current work presents a modelling project, which consists of electric power source – photovoltaic solar station (PVS) with a capacity of 100 MW, system of generation of hydrogen (electrolyzer with a capacity 50 MW) and the system of freshening – installation of the reverse osmosis with an output of 80 tons water a day.
Journal Article
SWRO-PRO System in “Mega-ton Water System” for Energy Reduction and Low Environmental Impact
Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been widely applied in seawater desalination (SWRO) and wastewater reclamation as the main desalination technology since 2000. SWRO plants face challenges to reduce energy consumption and brine disposal to lessen marine pollution. To tackle these challenges, a SWRO-PRO (Pressure Retarded Osmosis) System was proposed in the “Mega-ton Water System” project under the Japanese national project of the “Funding Program for World-Leading Innovative R&D on Science and Technology” (FIRST Program). To reduce the energy consumption of the main SWRO plant, an innovative low-pressure SWRO membrane and a next generation energy recovery device (ERD) were developed by the “Mega-ton Water System” project. In addition to this research and development, a new membrane process has been proposed and confirmed as a low-pressure multi-stage SWRO (LMS). A brine conversion two-stage SWRO system was invented 20 years ago, and has been in operation for over 15 years. Application of the SWRO membrane process to actual commercial plants was an important research theme. The low-pressure multi-stage SWRO System (LMS) was an innovative method of introducing a low-pressure membrane and the membrane element in the pressure vessel was designed to avoid heavy fouling of lead elements. As a result of these developments at mega-ton scale SWRO plants, a 20% energy reduction was possible in the SWRO system of the “Mega-ton Water System”. In the development of the PRO process, a PRO hollow fiber membrane module with a maximum 13.3 w/m2 of membrane power density using a 10-inch module was established at a prototype PRO plant. Thus, a 30% energy reduction was possible using the SWRO-PRO System in the “Mega-ton Water System” at mega-ton scale SWRO plants. The brine disposal problem was also solved by this system.
Journal Article
Performance of Electrochemical Processes in the Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Concentrates of Sanitary Landfill Leachate
Electrochemical technologies have been broadly applied in wastewaters treatment, but few studies have focused on comparing the performance of the different electrochemical processes, especially when used to treat highly-polluted streams. The electrochemical treatment of a reverse osmosis concentrate of sanitary landfill leachate was performed by means of electrocoagulation (EC), anodic oxidation (AO) and electro-Fenton (EF) processes, and the use of different electrode materials and experimental conditions was assessed. All the studied processes and experimental conditions were effective in organic load removal. The results obtained showed that EC, with stainless steel electrodes, is the cheapest process, although it presents the disadvantage of sludge formation with high iron content. At high applied current intensity, AO presents the best treatment time/energy consumption ratio, especially if the samples’ initial pH is corrected to 3. However, pH correction from natural to 3 deeply decreases nitrogen-containing compounds’ removal. For longer treatment time, the EF process with a carbon-felt cathode and a BDD anode, performed at natural iron content and low applied current intensity, is the most favorable solution.
Journal Article
Improvement of coal gasification reverse osmosis concentrate treatment by Cu-Co-Mn/AC catalytic ozonation
Approximately 20% of concentrate will be produced from coal gasification wastewater after reverse osmosis treatment. The organic matter contained in the concentrate affects its evaporation crystallisation; therefore, the refractory organics must be removed. In this study, Cu-Co-Mn/AC catalytic ozonation was used to treat reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC). With the addition of the Cu-Co-Mn/AC catalyst, the production of ·OH increased by 82 μmol/L, thereby enhancing the ozonation performance. The pH, ozone dosage, and catalyst dosage all affected the catalytic ozonation performance. By constructing a response surface model, it was found that the catalyst dosage had the most significant effect on the catalytic ozonation performance. The predicted optimal reaction conditions were pH = 9.02, ozone dosage = 1.08 g/L, and catalyst dosage = 1.33 g/L, under which the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal reached a maximum of 81.49%.
Journal Article
Environmental sustainability assessment of seawater reverse osmosis brine valorization by means of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes
The integration of electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) with seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) process influences the two main environmental burdens of SWRO desalination process: climate change, accounted here as carbon footprint (CF) and associated to the high-energy consumption, and the environmental alteration of the vicinities of the facility, due to brine disposal. EDBM powered by photovoltaic (PV) solar energy is able to meet the above-mentioned challenges that arise in SWRO desalination. In addition, HCl and NaOH, both employed in the desalination industry, can be produced from the brines. Hence, environmental benefits regarding the potential self-supply can be achieved. The environmental sustainability assessment by means of life cycle assessment (LCA) of a SWRO and EDBM has been carried out considering four different scenarios. The percentage of treated brines and the influence of the grid mix used for electric power supply has been taken into account. The three different electric power supplies were 100.0% renewable energy (PV solar energy), 36.0% renewable energy (average Spanish grid mix), and 1.9% (average Israeli grid mix). The results showed that the CF per unit of volume produced freshwater for SWRO and the self-supply reagent production scenario for the three Spanish grid mix, the Israeli grid mix, and the PV solar energy were 6.96 kg CO2-eq·m-3, 12.57 kg CO2-eq·m-3, and 2.17 kg CO2-eq·m-3, respectively.
Journal Article
Effects of different designs of pressure vessels on efficiency and energy consumption of reverse osmosis systems
One of the cost-effective methods of water purification is reverse osmosis. In the present work, the effect of pressure vessels with different numbers of membranes in two types of reverse osmosis system design is investigated. Simulation results showed that pressure vessels with more membranes have lower energy consumption and higher efficiency in different simple and hybrid designs of reverse osmosis systems. Findings showed that the first design performs better in terms of energy consumption and efficiency than the second design. The study also showed that maximum efficiency was achieved using the first design of the hybrid two-stage brackish water reverse osmosis system. The least efficient system was the hybrid single-stage seawater reverse osmosis system.
Journal Article