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Trends in rice research: 2030 and beyond
Rice production and research have met unprecedented challenges in recent years. Yield and total production have plateaued for many years in some major producing rice‐producing countries while the demand from populations in poverty is ever increasing. For example, more than 100 million additional people became extremely poor, mostly from Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa in 2020 alone. Rice is not only the calorie source for half of the global population but also the key staple food for the world's poorest and undernourished people living in Asia and Africa. In this review, we have analysed the trends in rice research in the past three decades, particularly on the mega‐projects that attempted to revolutionize rice yield, sustainability and quality of both Asian (Oryza sativa) and African (O. glaberrima) rice, with their impact on rice cultivation. We have also analysed the trends in population growth, rice cultivation, production, price and consumption along with their projections for 2030 and beyond. Furthermore, we have analysed recent trends in variety release using Bangladesh as an example. Finally, we have identified the future challenges and priorities of rice research. We have analysed the trends in rice research in the past three decades in both Asian (Oryza sativa) and African (O. glaberrima) rice, with their impact on rice cultivation. We have also analysed the trends in population growth, rice cultivation, production, price, consumption and varietal release along with their projections for 2030 and beyond.
Journal Article
The rice book : history, culture, recipes
\"The Rice Book became an instant classic when it was published thirty years ago, and to this day remains the definitive book on the subject. Rice is the staple food for more than half the world, and the creativity with which people approach this humble grain knows no bounds. From renowned food writer Sri Owen's extensive travels and years of research come recipes for biryanis, risottos, pilafs and paellas from Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, Korea, Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, Spain, Italy, Brazil and beyond. In a gorgeous new livery, with a new foreword by Bee Wilson and an updated introduction on the nutrition, history and culture surrounding rice, more than 160 delicious, foolproof recipes (20 of them new) and beautiful illustrations and food photography throughout, this is an essential book for every kitchen and every cook.\"--Publisher's website viewed Nov. 13, 2023.
BOOK
Evaluation of Cooked Rice for Eating Quality and Its Components in IGeng/I Rice
At present, ‘‘eating well” is increasingly desired by people instead of merely ‘‘being full”. Rice provides the majority of daily caloric needs for half of the global human population. However, eating quality is difficult to objectively evaluate in rice breeding programs. This study was carried out to objectively quantify and predict eating quality in Geng rice. First, eating quality and its components were identified by trained panels. Analysis of variance and broad-sense heritability showed that variation among varieties was significant for all traits except hardness. Among them, viscosity, taste, and appearance were significantly correlated with eating quality. We established an image acquisition and processing system to quantify cooked rice appearance and optimized the process of measuring cooked rice viscosity with a texture analyzer. The results show that yellow areas of the images were significantly correlated with appearance, and adhesiveness was significantly correlated with viscosity. Based on these results, multiple regression analysis was used to predict eating quality: eating quality = 0.37 × adhesiveness − 0.71 × yellow area + 0.89 × taste − 0.34, R[sup.2] = 0.85. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and actual values was 0.86. We anticipate that this predictive model will be useful in future breeding programs for high-eating-quality rice.
Journal Article
Distribution of IXanthomonas oryzae/I pv. Ioryzae/I Pathotypes in Basmati-Rice-Growing Areas of Jammu and Kashmir, India
Rice is an important staple food for more than half of the world's population. Though the genetic potential of commonly cultivated varieties of rice is diminished due to various biotic and abiotic constraints, bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is considered one of its most destructive diseases in India. Based on morpho-cultural characteristics, bacterial pathogens isolated from the leaves of a rice plant showing typical BLB symptoms were identified as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Morphological studies revealed that the pathogen is Gram-negative, a short rod, with rounded ends, single or in pairs, light yellow, circular, whitish yellow to straw-colored, convex, yellow, slightly raised, motile with a single polar flagellum, capsulate and non-spore-forming. Biochemical tests, viz., the Gram reaction, KOH test and catalyst test, showed a positive reaction for all the isolates. Twenty isolates of Xoo were collected from the basmati-growing areas of the Jammu, Samba and Kathua districts in the Jammu sub-tropics during 2019, and their pathogenicity was confirmed on five susceptible rice cultivars, viz., Basmati-370, Pusa-1121, TN-1, SJR and Jaya, by the leaf-clipping method, and subsequently, Koch's postulate was established in each case. Seven Xoo pathotypes, viz., Pathotype 1, Pathotype 2, Pathotype 3, Pathotype 4, Pathotype 5, Pathotype 6 and Pathotype 7, were identified from the total sample of 20 isolates. Pathotype 2 was the most dominant (100%), followed by Pathotype 5 (44.44%), Pathotype 4 (40%), Pathotype 6 (40%), Pathotype 7 (33.33%), Pathotype 3 (22.22%) and Pathotype 1 (20%), in the Jammu sub-tropics. In Jammu district, Pathotype 5 was highly distributed (44.44%) followed by Pathotype 7 (33.33%) and Pathotype 3 (22.22%). Pathotype 4 and Pathotype 6 each showed a 40 percent distribution in Kathua district, followed by Pathotype 1 (20%). Only one pathotype, i.e., Pathotype 2, was recorded in Samba district with a 100 percent distribution. Five genes, viz., Xa13, Xa4, Xa13 and Xa5 + Xa13, showed complete resistance, whereas Xa4, Xa5, Xa7, Xa8, Xa21, Xa4 + Xa5 and Xa4 + Xa21 showed susceptible response against the test isolates. It was observed that most of the single BLB-resistant genes were moderately to highly susceptible to almost all the Xoo isolates, whereas combinations of BLB resistance genes possessed high resistance against all the Xoo isolates. The studies revealed that diverse pathogenic variations existed in the Xoo population in the basmati-growing region of Jammu and Kashmir. Based on the response exhibited by Xoo isolates on differential lines, seven pathotypes (Pathotype 1-7) were identified, and their virulence spectrum on rice differentials showed the occurrence of 5, 3, 10, 10, 20, 10 and 15 percent, respectively, in the Jammu sub-tropics. To develop durable and sustainable resistant cultivars, it is essential to identify predominate race(s) in a specific geographical area and continuously monitor the virulence pattern there.
Journal Article
Rice : global networks and new histories
\"Global Networks and New Histories Rice today is food to half the world's population. Its history is inextricably entangled with the emergence of colonialism, the global networks of industrial capitalism, and the modern world economy. The history of rice is currently a vital and innovative field of research attracting serious attention, but no attempt has yet been made to write a history of rice and its place in the rise of capitalism from a global and comparative perspective. Rice is a first step toward such a history. The fifteen chapters, written by specialists on Africa, the Americas, and several regions of Asia, are premised on the utility of a truly international approach to history. Each one brings a new approach that unsettles prevailing narratives and suggests new connections. Together they cast new light on the significant roles of rice as crop, food, and commodity and shape historical trajectories and interregional linkages in Africa, the Americas, Europe, and Asia\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Quality Characteristics of IJaponica/I Rice in Southern and Northern China and the Effect of Environments on Its Quality
Four types of japonica rice including non-soft japonica rice from northern China planted in the northern region (NSJRNN), non-soft japonica rice from northern China planted in the southern region (NSJRNS), non-soft japonica rice from southern China planted in the southern region (NSJRSS), and soft japonica rice from southern China planted in the southern region (SJRSS) were adopted as materials to reveal the quality characteristics of japonica rice in southern and northern China and the effect of environments on its quality. Compared with NSJRNN, higher temperatures during the grain-filling stage in southern China resulted in poor processing and appearance qualities of NSJRNS and NSJRSS. Due to the increased protein content (PC), the eating qualities of NSJRNS and NSJRSS were bad. While for SJRSS, with low apparent amylose content (AAC) and few large-sized starch granules, the eating quality was better than that of NSJRNS and NSJRSS and even comparable to NSJRNN. Therefore, with a relative high PC of rice under high temperature condition in southern China, it could be one of the effective ways to reduce AAC appropriately to obtain a good eating quality of rice.
Journal Article
Mnoomin maan'gowing
\"In this bilingual book, an Anishinaabe child explores the story of a precious mnoomin seed and the circle of life mnoomin sustains. Written in Anishinaabemowin and English, the story opens at harvest time. A child holds a mnoomin seed and imagines all the life that made a single seed possible--Mayfly, Pike, Muskrat, Eagle and Moose, all had a part to play in bringing the seed into being. What will happen if the seed sprouts? Underwater leaves will shelter young fish, shoots will protect ducklings, stalks will feed larvae, in turn providing food for bats...until finally mnoomin will be ready to harvest again. We follow the child and family through a harvest day as they make offerings of tobacco, then gently knock ripe seeds into their canoe. On shore, they prepare the seeds, cook up a feast, and gratefully plant some seeds they'd set aside. This beautifully written and illustrated story reveals the cultural and ecological importance of mnoomin. As the author's note explains, many Anishinaabeg agree that \"wild rice\" is an inaccurate term for this plant relation, since part of the harvest is sown every year to help sustain human and non-human beings. Includes a translator's note.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Sublethal Effects of IBeauveria bassiana/I Strain BEdy1 on the Development and Reproduction of the White-Backed Planthopper, ISogatella furcifera/I
Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important food crop all over the world, while white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is an important pest causing rice yield reduction. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sublethal effects of strain BEdy1 Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) on S. furcifera using the two-sex life table analytical method, compare the life tables of the F[sub.0] and F[sub.1] generations of WBPHs which were treated with sublethal concentrations (LC[sub.10], LC[sub.25]) of B. bassiana BEdy1 with a control group. The results showed that the duration of the egg, 4th-instar and 5th-instar nymph, pre-adult, total pre-oviposition (TPOP) and mean generation time (T) for the LC[sub.25] treatment were significantly longer than those of the control and LC[sub.10] treatment. However, the duration of the adult, the longevity of male and female adults and the oviposition days of female adults for the LC[sub.25] treatment were significantly shortened. The fecundity of female adults, intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0) and finite rate of increase (λ) for the LC[sub.25] treatment were significantly decreased compared with those of other treatments. The duration of the egg and pre-adult stage for the LC[sub.10] treatment were longer than those of the control group, but the population parameters showed no significant difference. Therefore, the LC[sub.25] of B. bassiana BEdy1 can inhibit the population growth of S. furcifera.
Journal Article