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The central theme of this book is how design principles can reduce the probability of an error while driving. The authors demonstrate how knowledge of human factors helps a road authority to better understand how road users behave. They argue that in many cases the design of the environment can be further adjusted to human capabilities, and that safety should be considered a system property to be built into the road system.

Background: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) and deaths constitute a serious preventable global public health problem. Aims: To analyse time trends of age-standardized mortality rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by RTIs in 23 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries; and to assess the correlation between national implementation of best practice for road safety recommended by the World Health Organization, national income level, and RTI burden. Methods: Time trend analysis over 17 years (2000–2016) was conducted using Joinpoint regression. An overall score was calculated for each country to assess implementation of best practice for road safety. Results:Mortality decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, and Tunisia. In most MENA countries, DALYs increased but they significantly decreased in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The score calculated varied widely among the MENA countries. In 2016, no correlation was identified between the overall score and mortality and DALYs. National income was not associated with RTI mortality or the calculated overall score. Conclusion: Countries in the MENA region had varying levels of success in reducing the burden from RTIs. During the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021–2030, MENA countries can achieve optimal road safety by implementing measures that are customized for the local context, such as law enforcement and public education. Other focus areas for improving road safety are building capacity in sustainable safety management and leadership, improving vehicle standards, and addressing gaps in areas such as use of child restraint.

This study analyses five months of continuous monitoring of different lighting warning systems at a pedestrian crosswalk through video surveillance cameras during nighttime. Three different light signalling systems were installed near a pedestrian crossing to improve the visibility and safety of vulnerable road users: in-curb LED strips, orange flashing beacons, and asymmetric enhanced LED lighting. Seven different lighting configurations of the three systems were studied and compared with standard street lighting. The speed of vehicles for each pedestrian–driver interaction was also evaluated. This was then compared to the speed that vehicles should maintain in order to stop in time and allow pedestrians to cross the road safely. In all of the conditions studied, speeds were lower than those maintained in the five-month presence of standard street lighting (42.96 km/h). The results show that in conditions with dedicated flashing LED lighting, in-curb LED strips, and orange flashing beacons, most drivers (72%) drove at a speed that allowed the vehicle to stop safely compared to standard street lighting (10%). In addition, with this lighting configuration, the majority of vehicles (85%) stopped at pedestrian crossings, while in standard street lighting conditions only 26% of the users stopped to give way to pedestrians.

Over the past 12 years, Bloomberg Philanthropies (BP) and its partner organisations have implemented a global road safety program in low- and middle-income countries. The program was implemented to address the historically increasing number of road fatalities and the inadequate funding to reduce them. This study evaluates the performance of the program by estimating lives saved from road safety interventions implemented during the program period (2007–2018) through to 2030. We estimated that 311,758 lives will have been saved by 2030, with 97,148 lives saved up until 2018 when the evaluation was conducted and a further 214,608 lives projected to be saved if these changes are sustained until 2030. Legislative changes alone accounted for 75% of lives saved. Concurrent activities related to reducing drink driving, implementing legislative changes, and social marketing campaigns run in conjunction with police enforcement and other road safety activities accounted for 57% of the total estimated lives saved. Saving 311,758 lives with funding of USD$259 million indicates a cost-effectiveness ratio of USD $ 831 per life saved. The potential health gains achieved through the number of lives saved from the road safety initiatives funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies represent a considerable return on investment. This study demonstrates the extent to which successful, cost-effective road safety initiatives can reduce road fatalities in low- and middle-income countries.

Background and Objectives: Maxillofacial trauma represents a significant global health challenge with substantial physical, psychological, and socioeconomic consequences. Materials and Methods: This narrative review analyzed 112 articles published between 2000 and 2024 examining epidemiology, prevention, economics, and outcomes of maxillofacial trauma in critical care settings. Results: Road traffic accidents remain the primary cause globally, followed by interpersonal violence and occupational injuries. Effective prevention strategies include seat belt laws, helmet legislation, and violence prevention programs. Economic burden encompasses direct healthcare costs (averaging USD 55,385 per hospitalization), productivity losses (11.8 workdays lost per incident), and rehabilitation expenses (USD 3800–18,000 per patient). Surgical management has evolved toward early intervention, minimally invasive approaches, and advanced techniques using computer-aided design and 3D printing. Complications affect 3–33% of patients, with significant functional disabilities and psychological sequelae (post-traumatic stress disorder in 27%, depression/anxiety in 20–40%). Conclusion: Maxillofacial trauma management requires multidisciplinary approaches addressing both immediate treatment and long-term rehabilitation. Despite technological advances, disparities in specialized care access persist globally. Future efforts should implement evidence-based prevention strategies, reduce care disparities, and develop comprehensive approaches addressing physical, psychological, and socioeconomic dimensions through collaboration among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community stakeholders.

The article examines the intersections of the most accidental streets of Vilnius, which are classified as black spots, and provides suggestions on how to rearrange them. The statistics of traffic accidents are analyzed to identify the most accident-prone streets. Dangerous intersections are identified by the black spot methodology. The technical parameters of the most accident-prone streets, the behavior of pedestrians and cyclists at intersections are analyzed. After analyzing the factors that determine the accident, solutions are proposed to help reduce the number of accidents involving pedestrians and cyclists. Article in Lithuanian. Pėsčiųjų ir dviratininkų saugumo analizė avaringiausiose Vilniaus miesto gatvėse Santrauka Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos avaringiausių Vilniaus miesto gatvių sankryžos, kurios priskiriamos juodosioms dėmėms, bei pateikiami pasiūlymai, kaip jas pertvarkyti. Siekiant nustatyti avaringiausias gatves analizuojama įskaitinių eismo įvykių statistika. Pavojingos sankryžos nustatomos juodųjų dėmių metodika. Analizuojami avaringiausių gatvių techniniai parametrai, pėsčiųjų ir dviratininkų elgesys sankryžose. Išanalizavus veiksnius, lemiančius avaringumą, siūlomi sprendiniai, padėsiantys sumažinti eismo įvykių, kurių metu nukenčia pėstieji ir dviratininkai, skaičių. Reikšminiai žodžiai: inžinerinės eismo saugumo priemonės, įskaitiniai eismo įvykiai, juodosios dėmės, pėsčiųjų ir dviratininkų saugumas.

In this study, a multi-stakeholder/multi-actor multi-criteria analysis (MAMCA) is applied to obtain a selection and preliminary ranking for a number of alternative ways to design innovative ITS-based tools that have the potential to improve road safety by creating a more forgiving road (FOR) and a more self-explaining road (SER) environment. The aim of this MCA is to allow various stakeholders with an interest in improving road safety (in particular public policymakers, but also users and manufacturers), to assess alternative designs for future FOR and SER environments. For each of these stakeholders a separate MCA is carried out taking into account their specific objectives. By analysing the differences in preferences among stakeholders and using the highest expected ‘value-added’ from the community of stakeholders in its entirety on various FOR and SER environments, it has been possible to uncover information on the chances of successful implementation.

This book introduces the basics of safety needs identification, countermeasure selection, and implementation of treatments designed to reduce the number of roadway crashes and resulting injuries and fatalities. It describes the current state of the practice and research regarding finding roadway safety issues, choosing treatments, and implementing their installation. It focuses on crashes occurring at intersections, in work zones, and as the result of a lane departure.

The number of motorized vehicles is climbing exponentially in developing countries, and so is the number of people killed in accidents involving those vehicles. Traffic crashes in poorer nations tend to be fatal more often than those in developed countries because they often involve pedestrians and riders in less protected vehicles such as rickshaws, bicycles, or motorcycles. Such accidents are now a leading cause of death in the developing world, and policy makers and citizen advocates are searching for effective ways to help solve this growing public health problem.