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Active serpentinite mud volcanoes in the forearc region of the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana system represent an excellent natural laboratory for studying the geochemical processes along convergent plate margins and the associated forearc. During IODP Expedition 366, serpentinite mud with lithic clasts from the underlying forearc crust and mantle as well as from the subducting Pacific Plate was recovered. Ultramafic clasts from Fantangisña Seamount reveal very high degrees of serpentinization with mesh and bastite textures as well as development of late lizardite and chrysotile veins, which suggests serpentinization temperatures below 200°C. On the other hand, recovered harzburgites and, on occasion, dunites from Asùt Tesoru Seamount show a well‐preserved primary assemblage with low degrees of serpentinization and forearc peridotite characteristics. Fine‐grained antigorite associating with lizardite has been identified throughout the serpentine mud matrix, suggesting an alteration temperature of c. 340°C. Furthermore, alteration conditions during rodingitization point to temperatures of at least 228°C, estimated via chlorite geothermometry. Additionally, a rare ophicarbonate clast containing andraditic as well as Cr‐rich hydrogarnets from Asút Tesoru Seamount indicates crystallization temperatures of at least 230°C. Hence, a trend of lower temperature of serpentinization and higher degree of alteration closer to the trench. The detailed characterization of the fluid‐rock alteration conditions as well as fluids composition and transport permits a better constraining of the fluid–rock interactions and related mass transfers within subduction zones and during ascent of serpentinite fault gouge within mud volcano conduits and in mudflows after their emplacement on the flanks of the edifices. The fluid migration and circulation in subduction zones play a crucial role in the geochemical cycling as well as the physical and mechanical processes taking place there. Characterizing their nature, source and pathways would contribute to a better understanding not only of the rheology and fluid recycling but also of the tectonic and metamorphic processes operating deep within the Earth's lithosphere as a whole. During an International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition, 366 serpentinite mud volcanoes located on the fractured forearc of the Mariana subduction system were drilled. The recovered material consists of highly hydrated rocks that experienced varying degrees of metamorphism and alteration. Mineralogical and chemical composition study of these rocks showed that they are former mantle rocks formed by the infiltration of fluids within the subduction zone. Some of them experienced additional transformation during their ascent to the seafloor by acquiring substantial amount of CO 2 ‐rich minerals. Furthermore, the results show a trend in which alteration temperature is decreasing but transformation degree is increasing with proximity to the subduction channel. Serpentinization and rodingitization in the subduction channel as well as carbonation in mud volcano conduits were identified Overall evolution of the slab‐derived fluid was narrowed down to temperatures from c. 350° to c. 100°C and below Serpentinization degree increases with proximity to the trench

Several gold deposits in the eastern region of Cuba are genetically related to the island arc- and the ophiolitic complex formation. These have been studied and exploited since the time of the Spanish colonization in the mid-sixteenth century. These deposits belong to the Aguas Claras-Guajabales mineral field in the Holguín Province (Cuba) and lie in an elongated zone approximately 15 km in length. The object of this work is to make a methodical, detailed, and chronological review of the geological and mining work carried out in this region, as well as highlight the degree of the previously achieved studies. To realize this, an extensive bibliographic review of all available data, including published reports and articles, as well as unpublished material, was carried out. Moreover, ore mineralogy and petrography were reviewed by thin section analyses from samples from these deposits by petrographic and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained from this study highlight that the gold mineralization in that area is closely linked to metasomatic processes produced by the circulation of hydrothermal fluids that affected the different volcanic and ultramafic rocks. This study shows that the highest gold contents observed are controlled by the contacts between the different host lithologies with high rheological contrasts. The presence of different alteration styles such as serpentinization, listvenitization, rodingitization, and propylitization have played a primary role in the deposition of gold during mineralization processes. This work could be a very useful exploration guide for future research in this region, as it provides a useful and practical compilation of the characteristics of the mineralization and alteration styles, as well as a precise indication of the spatial position, thicknesses, and contents of the gold-rich horizons.

Rodingitization, commonly coupled with serpentinization of ultramafic rocks, bears significant information for fluid-rock interactions and element transfer from sea-floor to subduction zone environments. Numerous outcrops of rodingites are exposed along the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone (YZSZ) of southern Tibet, providing us an excellent opportunity to probe the petrogenetic processes, and unravel their implications for regional tectonic evolution. Several studies have been performed on rodingites from the eastern to central portions of the YZSZ, whereas limited work has ever been conducted on rodingitized rocks from the western segment of the YZSZ, precluding a comprehensive understanding of this lithological type. In this paper, we present detailed studies of petrology, mineral, whole-rock geochemistry and phase equilibrium modeling on a suite of newly recognized rodingites within the Purang ophiolite massif in the southwestern part of the YZSZ. The rodingites have a major metasomatic mineral association of chlorite, clinozoisite, amphibole and minor amounts of plagioclase, representing products of an early-stage rodingitization. They generally present compositions of low SiO 2 (48.89 wt.%.53.57 wt.%), Fe 2 O 3 T (3.77 wt.%.5.56 wt.%), Na2O (1.31 wt.%.1.93 wt.%), Al 2 O 3 (4.78 wt.%.8.84 wt.%), moderate CaO (9.69 wt.%.11.23 wt.%), and high MgO (24.11 wt.%.26.08 wt.%) concentrations with extremely high Mg# values [Mg#=100×Mg/(Mg+Fe 2+ ) molar] of 89.92. Bulk-rock recalculation reveals that the rodingites have a protolith of mantle-derived olivine gabbro or gabbronorite. They have low rare earth element compositions (ΣREE=2.4 ppm.6.5 ppm) and are characterized by flat LREE and slightly enriched HREE patterns with positive Eu anomalies; they also exhibit positive anomalies in Sr, U and Pb and negative anomalies in high-field strength elements, including Nb, P and Ti, suggesting for a subduction-zone imprinting. Phase equilibrium modeling shows that the rodingitization did take place at P <2 kbar and T = ~350.400 °C, consistent with low greenschist facies conditions. Taking into account of all these petrological and geochemical features, we propose that the rodingites record evidence of early-stage fluid-rock interactions between olivine gabbroic rocks and Ca-rich fluids, which may have derived from weakly serpentinized ultramafic country rocks. Although this process may initially have occurred in a mid-ocean ridge setting, an obvious overprinting by supra-subduction zone fluids in a fore-arc environment is recognized.

Perovskite (Prv) was discovered in an abyssal harzburgite from a “mélange” type blueschist-bearing accretionary wedge of the Western Carpathians (Meliata Unit, Slovakia). Perovskite-1 formation in serpentinized orthopyroxene may be simplified by the mass-balance reaction: Ca Si (Ca-pyroxene-member)+2Fe TiO (ulvöspinel molecule in spinel)+2H O+O =2CaTiO (Prv)+2SiO +4FeOOH (goethite). Perovskite-2 occurs in a chlorite-rich blackwall zone separating serpentinite and rodingite veins, and in rodingite veins alone. The bulk-rock trace-element patterns suggest negligible differences from visually and microscopically less (“core”) to strongly serpentinized harzburgite due to serpentinization and rodingitization: an enrichment in LREE(La,Ce), Cs, ±Ba, U, Nb, Pb, As, Sb, ±Nd and Li in comparison with HREE, Rb and Sr. The U/Pb perovskite ages at ~135 Ma are interpreted to record the interaction of metamorphic fluids with harzburgite blocks in the Neotethyan Meliatic accretionary wedge. Our LA-ICP-MS mineral study provides a complex view on trace element behaviour during the two stages of rodingitization connected with Prv genesis. The positive anomalies of Cs, U, Ta, Pb, As, Sb, Pr and Nd in Cpx, Opx and Ol are combined with the negative anomalies of Rb, Ba, Th, Nb and Sr in these minerals. The similar positive anomalies of Cs, U, Ta, ±Be, As, Sb found in typical serpentinization and rodingitization minerals, with variable contents of La, Ce and Nd, and negative anomalies of Rb, Ba, Th, Nb and Sr suggest involvement of crustal fluids during MP-LP/LT accretionary wedge metamorphism. LA-ICP-MS study revealed strong depletion in LREE from Prv-1 to Prv-2, and a typically negative Eu (and Ti) anomaly for Prv-1, while a positive Eu (and Ti) anomaly for Prv-2. Our multi-element diagram depicts enrichment in U, Nb, La, Ce, As, Sb, Pr, Nd and decreased Rb, Ba, Th, Ta, Pb, Sr, Zr in both Prv generations. In general, both Prv generations are very close to the end-member composition. In spite of low concentrations of isomorphic constituents, Prv-1 and Prv-2 display the (La,Ce) (Fe,Cr) Ca Ti heterovalent couple substitution. A decrease of ferric iron in Prv-2 indicates increasing reduction conditions during rodingitization.

This chapter contains sections titled: Abstract Introduction Chemical Weathering as a Metasomatic Process Serpentinization and Rodingitization – Sea Floor Weathering and Metasomatism Albitization – from Diagenesis to Amphibolite Facies Metasomatism Metamorphic Reactions along Fluid Pathways How do Fluids Move through Rocks? The Role of the Fluid in Metamorphic and Metasomatic Reactions Reaction Interfaces and Coexisting Minerals Conclusions and Further Implications Acknowledgements References