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Evaluation is Creation: Self and Social Judgments of Creativity Across the Four-C Model
Who should evaluate the originality and task-appropriateness of a given idea has been a perennial debate among psychologists of creativity. Here, we argue that the most relevant evaluator of a given idea depends crucially on the level of expertise of the person who generated it. To build this argument, we draw on two complimentary theoretical perspectives. The model of domain learning (MDL) suggests that, for novices in a domain, creativity is by-necessity self-referenced, but as expertise develops, more socially referenced creativity is possible. Relatedly, the four-C model posits four forms of creativity that fall along a continuum of social impact: mini-c, little-c, Pro-c, and Big-C. We show that the MDL implies a learning trajectory that connects the four Cs because, as socially referenced creativity develops, greater societal impact becomes available to a creator. Then, we describe four sources of evaluations that become relevant as an individual learns: judgments from the creators themselves, their local community, consumers of the idea, and finally, critics in the domain. We suggest that creators’ judgments are of essential importance for mini-c, community judgments are paramount for little-c, Pro-c requires either positive evaluations from consumers or critics, and Big-C requires both consumers and critics to evaluate an idea positively for an extended time. We identify key insights and imperatives for the field: aligning our measures (both human and AI scored) with the most relevant evaluations of ideas to support the reliability and validity of our measurements, using evaluations as feedback for learners to support the development of creative metacognition, and the importance of considering domain differences when evaluating ideas.
Journal Article
Immunogenicity and non-inferiority evaluation of dose-sparing adjuvanted inactivated polio vaccine in Wistar rats
Global efforts toward poliovirus eradication have prompted a shift from oral polio vaccine (OPV) to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), particularly in low-resource settings. However, limited IPV supply and high production costs pose challenges to widespread implementation. Antigen-sparing strategies, including the use of aluminum-based adjuvants, offer a promising solution to increase IPV accessibility without compromising immunogenicity. In this study, monovalent and trivalent reduced-dose IPV formulations adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide were evaluated for immunogenicity in Wistar rats. Groups of rats (n = 10/group) were intramuscularly immunized with various D-antigen units (DU) of adjuvanted Salk IPV types 1, 2, and 3. Neutralizing antibody responses were measured using a standardized serum neutralization test (SNT), and results were compared to those of a non-adjuvanted commercial trivalent IPV (T1: 40 DU, T2: 8 DU, T3: 32 DU). Adjuvanted monovalent formulations elicited comparable or superior neutralizing titers relative to the control vaccine, despite containing significantly lower antigen doses. For instance, adjuvanted T1 at 10 DU achieved titers comparable to the 40 DU control, while T2 at 8 DU induced significantly higher responses than the control (p ≤ 0.01). Adjuvanted T3 at 2.5 and 5 DU showed comparable responses, and at 10 DU produced significantly higher titers than the control (p ≤ 0.05). These results support the feasibility of dose reduction through adjuvantation without compromising vaccine potency. The IPV formulations exhibited strong stability and potency under recommended storage conditions, supporting their suitability for long-term use. The study demonstrates that aluminum-adjuvanted reduced-dose IPV formulations can achieve immunogenicity comparable to or exceeding that of standard-dose commercial IPV. This antigen-sparing approach could play a vital role in enhancing global IPV supply and supporting polio eradication strategies.
•Immunogenicity of reduced-dose IPV adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide were evaluated.•Non-inferiority of reduced-dose alum adsorbed IPV was established with comparator vaccine.•Stability of 1-dose, 5-dose and 10-dose IPV formulations was evaluated.
Journal Article
Jonas Salk
The first full biography of Jonas Salk offers a complete picture of the enigmatic figure, from his early years working on an influenza vaccine--for which he never fully got credit--to his seminal creation of the Polio vaccine, up through his later work to find a cure for AIDS.
eBook
Immunogenicity and safety of sabin-strain based inactivated poliovirus vaccine replacing salk-strain based inactivated poliovirus vaccine: An innovative application of different strain-IPVs replacement
A domestic Sabin strain-based inactivated poliovirus vaccine (Sabin IPV) was approved by China Food and Drug Administration in 2017 as a replacement for the Salk strain-based inactivated poliovirus vaccine (Salk IPV) that has been in use in China for over 10 years. The present post-marketing trial was implemented in China to assess the immunogenicity and safety of replacing the Salk IPV with the Sabin IPV in the last two immunizations of the standard three-dose schedule.
We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial with two groups that received three doses of IPVs at the age of 2, 3, and 4 months: the Salk-Sabin-Sabin group and the Salk-Salk-Salk group. Blood samples were collected before vaccination and 30–40 days after the third dose of vaccination. The seroconversion rates and antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) were calculated and analyzed to evaluate immunogenicity. The safety of both immunization schedules was also monitored and analyzed.
Of 360 recruited healthy infants, all three IPV doses were administered and blood collection was completed in 330 infants. All participants (100%) in both groups were seropositive for all three poliovirus types after the last vaccination. There were significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.001) in the GMTs for antibodies against poliovirus types 1 and 2, but no significant difference was observed for antibodies against type 3 (P = 0.009). A non-inferiority t-test showed that the post-immunization GMTs for all three types in the Salk-Sabin-Sabin group were not inferior to those in the Salk-Salk-Salk group (P < 0.001). Safety assessment indicated that there was no significant difference in the incidence of all adverse events between the two groups (P = 0.806).
The Salk-Sabin-Sabin IPV immunization schedule is not inferior to the Salk-Salk-Salk IPV schedule in terms of both immunogenicity and safety.
Clinical trial number: NCT04051736.
Journal Article
An inactivated poliovirus vaccine using Sabin strains produced on the serum-free PER.C6® cell culture platform is immunogenic and safe in a non-human primate model
The World Health Organization recommends the development of affordable next-generation inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) using attenuated poliovirus Sabin strains. Previously, we introduced a novel PER.C6® cell culture platform, which allows for high yield production of an affordable trivalent Sabin IPV vaccine.
Immunogenicity and safety of this novel PER.C6®-based Sabin-IPV (sIPV) was assessed in rats and non-human primates (NHPs). NHPs received one of four different dose dilutions vaccine according to current human schedule (three prime-immunizations and one boost immunization). For comparison, NHPs received commercially available reference Salk IPV or sIPV.
Dose-dependent immunogenicity and good tolerability was observed for the PER.C6®-based sIPV formulations in rats and NHPs. In NHPs, the lowest tested dose that induced anti-Sabin virus-neutralizing antibody titers that were non-inferior to commercial sIPV after three immunizations was 5-7.5-25 D-antigen units for type 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
PER.C6®-based sIPV induced comparable immunogenicity to commercial Salk IPV and sIPV vaccines in NHPs. Together with the absence of any preclinical safety signals, these data warrant further testing in clinical trials. sIPV produced on the PER.C6® cell platform could be one solution to the need for an affordable and immunogenic IPV to achieve and maintain global polio eradication.
Journal Article
Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana Line with T-DNA Insertion in the Inositol Polyphosphate 5-Phosphatases8 Gene
Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5Tase) are the important enzymes of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) signaling pathway and have been found to play important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Most of the Arabidopsis genes encoding Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases have been characterised. However, promoters of genes encoding Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases of plants have not been characterized so far. Here, we report the characterization of
Arabidopsis thaliana
SALK mutant lines having T-DNA insertion in the upstream intergenic region of the Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases8 (
At5Tas8
) gene. The location of T-DNA insertion in the SALK line was confirmed by PCR, and plant homozygous and hemizygous for the T-DNA insertion were identified. The homozygous plants were observed for the morphological difference as well as for the root phenotype. However, no significant morphological differences were observed in the mutant and wild-type plants. The expression analysis using qRT-PCR revealed a similar level of
At5Tase8
transcript in the mutant and wild-type plants suggesting T-DNA insertion lies beyond the
At5Tase 8
promoter.
In silico
analysis of the 3000 bp sequence upstream of the translation start site covering the T-DNA insertion site has revealed the presence of potential
cis
-regulatory elements for heat, light, drought, salt, sugar, and hormone. Besides, most predicted
cis
-elements were located downstream of the T-DNA insertion site, further supporting that the promoter of
At5Tase8
lies within the 2738 bp sequence upstream of the translation start site. Further study is required to delineate the
At5Tase8
promoter using promoter-reporter fusion in the transgenic Arabidopsis.
Journal Article
The family of LSU-like proteins
The plant response to sulfur deficiency includes extensive metabolic changes which can be monitored at various levels (transcriptome, proteome, metabolome) even before the first visible symptoms of sulfur starvation appear. Four members of the plant-specific LSU (response to Low SUlfur) gene family occur in Arabidopsis thaliana (LSU1-4). Variable numbers of LSU genes occur in other plant species but they were studied only in Arabidopsis and tobacco. Three out of four of the Arabidopsis LSU genes are induced by sulfur deficiency. The LSU-like genes in tobacco were characterized as UP9 (UPregulated by sulfur deficit 9). LSU-like proteins do not have characteristic domains that provide clues to their function. Despite having only moderate primary sequence conservation they share several common features including small size, a coiled-coil secondary structure and short conserved motifs in specific positions. Although the precise function of LSU-like proteins is still unknown there is some evidence that members of the LSU family are involved in plant responses to environmental challenges, such as sulfur deficiency, and possibly in plant immune responses. Various bioinformatic approaches have identified LSU-like proteins as important hubs for integration of signals from environmental stimuli. In this paper we review a variety of published data on LSU gene expression, the properties of lsu mutants and features of LSU-like proteins in the hope of shedding some light on their possible role in plant metabolism.
Journal Article
A Comparison with Adverse Events Following Immunization Associated with Sabin-Strains and Salk-Strains Inactivated Polio Vaccines in Zhejiang Province, China
Objectives: One dose of Sabin-strains inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was introduced into the Chinese immunization program on 1 May 2016. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of Sabin-strains IPV and provide a comparison with conventional Salk-strains IPV. Methods: Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) records associated with Sabin-strains IPV and Salk-strains IPV were extracted from the national AEFI surveillance system (NAEFISS) from 1 May 2016 to 31 December 2020. The vaccination information on Sabin-strains IPV and Salk-strains IPV during the same period was obtained from the Zhejiang provincial immunization information system. Reporting rates of AEFI were calculated by age, city, severity of AEFI, categories of AEFI, and reaction categories and were compared between Sabin-strains IPV and Salk-strains IPV. Results: In total, 3,861,758 doses of Sabin-strains IPV and 1,018,604 doses of Salk-strains IPV were administered during the study period. The overall AEFI reporting rate for Sabin-strains IPV (3.96/10,000 doses) was significantly lower than that for Salk-strains IPV (5.03/10,000 doses) due to the reporting rate of the minor vaccine product-related reaction following Sabin-strains IPV was significantly lower than that for Salk-strains IPV (2.76/10,000 doses vs. 3.83/10,000 doses). The most frequently reported symptoms/signs were fever, induration/swelling, and rash/urticaria. The most frequently reported serious AEFI with a causal relationship was febrile convulsion, with the reporting rates of 0.10/10,000 doses for Sabin-strains IPV and 0.08/10,000 doses for Salk-strains IPV. No significant difference was found in the reporting rates of the other serious AEFI between the two types of IPV. Conclusion: Most of the AEFI following Sabin-strains IPV and Salk-strains IPV were mild and common adverse reactions. The reporting rate of serious AEFI was not significantly different between Sabin-strains IPV and Salk-strains IPV. Sabin-strains IPV had a favorable safety profile and could be widely used.
Journal Article