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The “cross-linked” copolymers based on styrene, divinylbenzene, and functionalizing monomers namely ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and liquid hydroxyl terminated polymer of butadien Polybd® R-20 LM Resin by miniemulsion polymerization in the presence of a co-stabilizer – hexadecane were prepared. The largest copolymer yield for both functionalizing monomers by amount of hexadecane 5 % wt. was achieved. The industrial latex SKS-30 ARKM-15 by the obtained copolymers in the process of salt coagulation was modified. The mechanical characteristics of vulcanizates made on the basis of rubber SKS-30 ARKM-15, modified by obtained copolymers were studied.

Tetracycline (TC) is a widely used antibiotic with a complex aromatic chemical structure and is highly resistant to biodegradation. In this study, an SBR equipped with a vertical axially rotating biological bed (SBR-VARB) was used for the biodegradation and mineralization of TC. SBR-VARB showed high efficiency in removing TC (97%), total phenolic compounds (TP) (95%), and COD (85%) under optimal operating conditions (TC = 50 mg/L, HRT = 1.75 d, and OLR = 36 g COD/m3 d). The SBR-VARB was able to treat higher concentrations of TC in shorter HRT than reported in previous studies. The contribution of VARB to improve SBR efficiency in removing TC, TP, and COD was 16, 36, and 48%, respectively. Intermediate compounds formed during the biodegradation of TC were identified using GC–MS under the optimal operating conditions of the bioreactor. These are mainly organic compounds with linear chemical structures. Based on the complete biodegradation of TC under the optimal operating conditions of the bioreactor, 93% and 36% of the chlorine and nitrogen atoms in the chemical structure of TC appeared in the wastewater, respectively. According to the sequence analysis of 16SrDNA, Pseudomonas sp., Kocuria Polaris, and Staphylococcus sp. were identified in the biofilm of VARB and the suspended biomass of the bioreactor. Therefore, SBR-VARB showed high efficiency in the biodegradation and mineralization of TC and can be used as a suitable option for treating wastewater containing antibiotics and other toxic compounds.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of applying polymeric cementitious materials to three-dimensional additive construction (3DAC). Specifically, styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) latex was employed as an admixture to produce SBR-modified cementitious mixtures, and their fresh properties were experimentally investigated to determine the feasibility of their use in the 3DAC process. The SBR/cement ratio was controlled based on four main materials (i.e., cement, sand, silica fume, and fly ash) in order to determine the optimal fresh properties. The test results revealed that the SBR-modified cementitious mixtures showed excellent flowability, extrudability, buildability, and open time, all of which are required for 3DAC materials. The optimal flow of the SBR-modified cementitious mixtures was 70% ± 1%, which is appropriate for 3DAC applications. According to the experiment results, the SBR-modified cementitious mixtures were sufficiently competitive to serve as a new class of materials for 3D additive construction.

To enhance the moisture damage performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA), treating the aggregate surface with a suitable additive was a more convenient approach. In this research, two types of aggregate modifiers were used to study the effect of moisture damage on HMA. Three different aggregate sources were selected based on their abundance of use in HMA. To study the impact of these aggregate modifiers on moisture susceptibility of HMA, the indirect tensile strength test and indirect tensile modulus test were used as the performance tests. Moisture conditioning of specimens was carried out to simulate the effect of moisture on HMA. The prepared samples’ tensile strength ratio (TSR) and stiffness modulus (Sm) results indicated a decrease in the strength of the HMA after moisture conditioning. After treating the aggregate surface with additives, an improvement was seen in dry and wet strength and stiffness. Moreover, an increasing trend was observed for both additives. The correlation between TSR and strength loss reveals a strong correlation (R2 = 0.7219). Also, the two additives indicate increased wettability of asphalt binder over aggregate, thus improving the adhesion between aggregate and asphalt binder.

Improvements of reinforced concrete beams against the impact of torsional forces are among the most researched issues in construction studies. In this paper, repairing and strengthening reinforced concrete beams using ferrocement laminates attached onto the surface of the beams and exposed to torsion were reviewed. This study aims to reveal the efficacy of the wrapping sides of ferrocement laminates. Previous experimental studies were conducted by using SBR as a slurry for strengthening beams by ferrocement from two-and three-side wrapping. Alternatively, the influence of using SBR as an ingredient of the mortar on the performance of the strengthened beams under torsion was discussed. The results showed that ferrocement is a practical alternative strengthening component for rehabilitating and repairing reinforced concrete beams. It was demonstrated that three-side wrapping improves the torsional behaviour in comparison with two-side wrapping. Also, the SBR preserved the required joining until failure for all the strengthened beams. Keywords: Ferrocement, Torsion, Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR), Strengthening, Beams.

The resistance of rubber materials to different solvents and compression set need to be studied in order to determine the proper conditions of use and storage. In this research, we will study the effect of nanographene oxide (GO) as a filler substitution on the swelling characteristics and compression set of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites. The nanographene oxide was varied based on the amount (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 phr with and without modification). The EPDM/SBR composites were made using a two-roll mill and vulcanized using a hydraulic press. Furthermore, the composites were tested for resistance to immersion (swelling) according to ASTM D-471 using aromatic, aliphatic, and chlorinated solvents. The compression set testing is carried out according to ASTM D-395 with a compression test apparatus. From the research it is known that modified GO (mGO) can be a suitable filler substitution for EPDM/SBR composites. The 10 phr mGO is the most suitable filler substitution to increase swelling resistance and compression set for EPDM/SBR composites.

In the current research, investigation of natural rubber (NR)/styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) blend reinforced with carbon black (CB)/silica (SiO 2 ) and with and without silane coupling agent (SCA) was analyzed. The total hybrid filler (CB/SiO 2 ) concentration in the composite was fixed at 50 phr. Cure characteristics, mechanical properties and surface morphology were examined. The results revealed that as the SiO 2 content increase, the optimum cure time, scorch time, minimum torque, and maximum torque of NR/SBR-CB/SiO 2 composites with and without SCA increased. Except for maximum torque, the optimal cure time and minimum torque of NR/SBR-CB/SiO 2 composites with SCA were lower than those without SCA. Compared with NR/SBR composites with SCA, addition of 0/50 CB/SiO 2 resulted in 53% decrease of tensile strength and 81% increase of elongation at break, superior to that of NR/SBR composites without SCA. The results revealed that as the SiO 2 content increase, the optimum cure time, scorch time, minimal torque, and maximum torque of NR/SBR-CB/SiO 2 composites with and without SCA increased. Except for maximum torque, the optimal cure time and minimum torque of NR/SBR-CB/SiO 2 composites with SCA were lower than those without SCA.

Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) analysis is a powerful technique for analyzing dielectric relaxation in polymer-based composites. In this study, the TSDC behavior of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composites loaded with 40, 60, and 100 phr of graphite was investigated. The composites were prepared using open mill mixing followed by hot press molding. TSDC measurements were performed at 383 K under various polarizing fields. The spectra exhibited multiple relaxation peaks attributed to dipolar and space charge polarization mechanisms. The data were analyzed using the Bucci and Garlick-Gibson methods, and the molecular parameters such as activation energy, charge released, and relaxation time were examined. The results reveal that both graphite concentration and the applied polarizing field significantly influence the relaxation behavior. These effects are associated with variations in dipole alignment, charge trapping dynamics, and electrode polarization. The results provide insights into dielectric relaxation processes in conductive polymer composites and may inform future research on potential applications in sensors and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding.

The main objective of the current research work is to explore the effect of nanosilica particles on the compound EPDM/SBR-SiO 2 (ethylene-propylene-diene monomer/styrene-butadiene rubber-nanosilica). The composite EPDM/SBR with and without silane coupling agent was processed using an open mill mixer. The nanosilica particles are prepared in the laboratory and were used as the reinforcing material in EPDM/SBR rubber composites. The cure characteristics, mechanical properties, hardness, rebound resilience, swelling resistance, abrasion resistance and compression set of the composites are completely analyzed and studied. Nanosilica particles are produced in the laboratory and used as reinforcement material in EPDM/SBR rubber compounds. Fully analyzed and examined are the cure characteristics, mechanical properties, hardness, rebound resilience, swelling resistance, abrasion resistance and compression collection of the composites. It was also evident from the result that with the inclusion of nanosilica particles in the EPDM/SBR rubber composites, the mechanical properties, swelling resistance, hardness, abrasion resistance and compression set properties improved.

The growing production of coke and, consequently, coke wastewater is a significant problem for the environment. Coke wastewater, because it contains high amounts of toxic substances, is classified as an extremely hazardous industrial wastewater. The treatment of such wastewater requires a combination of advanced physicochemical and biological methods. The aim of the research was to investigate the effectiveness of the application of the ultrasonic disintegration of coke wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The tests were conducted in two stages, wherein the first stage involved determining the most favorable sonication conditions, that is, time and amplitude. The authors used the following amplitudes: 31 µm; 61.5 µm; 92 µm; 123 µm and times: 120 s; 240 s; 480 s; 960 s. The second stage focused on treating coke wastewater in SBRs (Reactor A—a proportion of coke wastewater in the mixture: 5%, 10%, and 20%; reactor B—sonicated coke wastewater, proportion in mixture: 5%, 10%, 20%). The efficiency of the treatment process was determined based on the rate of removal of selected parameters: chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), inorganic carbon (IC), ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH4), total nitrogen (TN), the course of pH changes. The study revealed that sonication of coke wastewater increased biodegradability and reduced its toxicity. The use of the preliminary sonication of coke wastewater before biological treatment improved the degree of removal of the tested parameters by approximately 10%. The volumetric ratio of coke wastewater in the mixture had the greatest impact on the obtained results. The use of an ultrasound field allows the treatment process to be executed with a coke wastewater addition exceeding 10%. In addition, it was found that in order to increase the coke wastewater treatment efficiency, one should optimize individual phases in the SBR and the pollution load.