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Although gender inequality in the workplace has improved in recent decades, researchers continue to struggle to disentangle the contributions of gatekeeping, socialization, and embodiment. The author argues that video games offer a novel site for exploring gender inequity in labor, including pink-collar careers and the second shift. Video games significantly reduce the impact of gatekeeping and embodiment, making it possible to observe the influence of socialization on role selection when players are disembodied and anonymous. Using 2,665 survey responses and 53 interviews with gamers, the author analyzes how gender identity, gender expression, and sexuality shape gamers’ selection into feminized and carework roles in three genres of video games. After reporting significant relationships for all three identity categories using logistic regression models, the author presents emergent themes related to motivations for playing supportive roles among video gamers. The author finds that fulfilling group needs, a preference for nurturing, and ease of access are typical rationales for selecting these types of labor. This illustrates that even when embodiment and gatekeeping are reduced, and players can frequently reselect roles, the impacts of socialization are strong enough to filter feminine and feminized groups into care-centric, social, and subordinated labor fields.

Second-order Zeeman frequency shift is one of the major systematic factors affecting the frequency uncertainty performance of cesium atomic fountain clock. Second-order Zeeman frequency shift is calculated by experimentally measuring the central frequency of the (1,1) or (−1,−1) magnetically sensitive Ramsey transition. The low-frequency transition method can be used to measure the magnetic field strength and to predict the central fringe of (1,1) or (−1,−1) magnetically sensitive Ramsey transition. In this paper, we deduce the formula for magnetic field measurement using the low-frequency transition method and measured the magnetic field distribution of 4 cm inside the Ramsey cavity and 32 cm along the flight region experimentally. The result shows that the magnetic field fluctuation is less than 1 nT. The influence of low-frequency pulse signal duration on the accuracy of magnetic field measurement is studied and the optimal low-frequency pulse signal duration is determined. The central fringe of (−1,−1) magnetically sensitive Ramsey transition can be predicted by using a numerical integrating of the magnetic field “map”. Comparing the predicted central fringe with that identified by Ramsey method, the frequency difference between these two is, at most, a fringe width of 0.3. We apply the experimentally measured central frequency of the (−1,−1) Ramsey transition to the Breit-Rabi formula, and the second-order Zeeman frequency shift is calculated as 131.03 × 10−15, with the uncertainty of 0.10 × 10−15.

In this study, we evaluate alternative hypotheses about the potentially harmful or beneficial effects of marriage on women's health and examine the factors underlying observed relationships between marriage and health. Using data from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers, an annual survey of a nationally representative sample of Japanese women (N = 1,610), our study advances current scholarship on marriage and health by focusing on a context characterized by a high degree of gender inequality. Results from models employing different approaches to the potential role of health-related selection into marriage consistently indicate that marriage is associated with better mental and physical health and that the lower levels of employment among married women play an important role in explaining this relationship. Our findings highlight the importance of considering how the specific pathways linking marriage and health may vary across societies with different gender and institutional contexts.

The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women’s entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women’s “second shift,” depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.

Drawing on relative resources and gender construction theories, we examined economic and psychological factors that affect married parents’ domestic labor. Married parents from the United States ( N  = 801) reported whether they earned less, equal, or more income than their spouses, as well as the proportion of housework and childcare they performed. In line with a relative resources perspective, participants reported doing less domestic labor as their relative income increased. Yet, in line with gender construction theories, women reported doing more domestic labor than their spouses, regardless of their relative income. Moreover, support for traditional gender roles mediated the effect of income on domestic labor for women, but not men. In contrast, perceived domestic entitlement (feeling justified doing less domestic labor than one’s spouse) mediated the effect of income on domestic labor for men, but not women. The implications for the future of gender equality are discussed.

Previous research has shown little difference in the average leisure time of men and women. This finding is a challenge to the second shift argument, which suggests that increases in female labor market hours have not been compensated by equal decreases in household labor. This paper presents time-use and leisure satisfaction data for a variety of western European countries, and shows that accounting for socio-economic factors that differ between men and women is vital for understanding gender differences. We find that working mothers have leisure levels that are much lower than those of working fathers and singles. Working mothers are also most likely to report the least satisfaction with free time. Finding that time stress and leisure time are positively correlated within sociodemographic groups suggests that the second shift argument is still valid, and that feelings of time stress are indeed associated with the lack of leisure time.

Hashimoto talks about recreating eccentric movements in a workspace. Among other things, the aim of the approach is to explore and to put the human at the center of the design process in which the eccentric workspace conceive of architecture outside of the binaries of the physical-social or the center-periphery.

Ronen talks about sex toys and symbolic purification. Among other things, sex toys have come a long way since the invention in the late 19th century, when vibrators served as medical implements for the treatment of hysteria but nowadays vibrators and other sex toys are diverse and widely available through both brick-and-mortar stores and online retailers.

Daneshvar and Fitzpatrick feature the medical instrument of ostensibly nonsexual tools. Among other things, Speculum + Opera Glass, made by stainless steel used in obstetrics to examine female anatomy.