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Ancient plant DNA in lake sediments
Recent advances in sequencing technologies now permit the analyses of plant DNA from fossil samples (ancient plant DNA, plant aDNA), and thus enable the molecular reconstruction of palaeofloras.Hitherto, ancient frozen soils have proved excellent in preservingDNAmolecules, and have thus been the most commonly used source of plant aDNA. However, DNA from soil mainly represents taxa growing a fewmetres fromthe sampling point. Lakes have larger catchment areas and recent studies have suggested that plant aDNAfromlake sediments is a more powerful tool for palaeofloristic reconstruction. Furthermore, lakes can be found globally in nearly all environments, and are therefore not limited to perennially frozen areas. Here,we review the latest approaches and methods for the study of plant aDNA from lake sediments and discuss the progressmade up to the present.Weargue that aDNAanalyses add newand additional perspectives for the study of ancient plant populations and, in time, will provide higher taxonomic resolution and more precise estimation of abundance. Despite this, key questions and challenges remain for such plant aDNA studies. Finally, we provide guidelines on technical issues, including lake selection, and we suggest directions for future research on plant aDNA studies in lake sediments.
Journal Article
A look at sand, silt, and mud
\"Describes sand, silt, and mud and their role in the rock cycle\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Global-scale human impact on delta morphology has led to net land area gain
River deltas rank among the most economically and ecologically valuable environments on Earth. Even in the absence of sea-level rise, deltas are increasingly vulnerable to coastal hazards as declining sediment supply and climate change alter their sediment budget, affecting delta morphology and possibly leading to erosion
1
–
3
. However, the relationship between deltaic sediment budgets, oceanographic forces of waves and tides, and delta morphology has remained poorly quantified. Here we show how the morphology of about 11,000 coastal deltas worldwide, ranging from small bayhead deltas to mega-deltas, has been affected by river damming and deforestation. We introduce a model that shows that present-day delta morphology varies across a continuum between wave (about 80 per cent), tide (around 10 per cent) and river (about 10 per cent) dominance, but that most large deltas are tide- and river-dominated. Over the past 30 years, despite sea-level rise, deltas globally have experienced a net land gain of 54 ± 12 square kilometres per year (2 standard deviations), with the largest 1 per cent of deltas being responsible for 30 per cent of all net land area gains. Humans are a considerable driver of these net land gains—25 per cent of delta growth can be attributed to deforestation-induced increases in fluvial sediment supply. Yet for nearly 1,000 deltas, river damming
4
has resulted in a severe (more than 50 per cent) reduction in anthropogenic sediment flux, forcing a collective loss of 12 ± 3.5 square kilometres per year (2 standard deviations) of deltaic land. Not all deltas lose land in response to river damming: deltas transitioning towards tide dominance are currently gaining land, probably through channel infilling. With expected accelerated sea-level rise
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, however, recent land gains are unlikely to be sustained throughout the twenty-first century. Understanding the redistribution of sediments by waves and tides will be critical for successfully predicting human-driven change to deltas, both locally and globally.
A global study of river deltas shows a net increase in delta area by about 54 km
2
yr
−1
over the past 30 years, in part due to deforestation-induced sediment delivery increase.
Journal Article
Australian coastal systems : beaches, barriers and sediment compartments.
This book describes the entire coast and beaches and barrier systems of Australia. It covers the coastal processes and systems that form and impact Australia's 30.000 km coast, 12.000 beaches and 2750 barrier systems. These processes include geology, geomorphology, climate, waves, tides, currents, sediment supply, as well as coastal ecosystems. The coast is divided into tropical northern and southern temperate provinces, within which are seven divisions, 23 regions and 354 coastal sediment compartments each of which is described in detail in the 34 chapters. Within these systems are the full range of wave through tide-dominated beaches and barriers ranging from cheniers to massive transgressive dune systems together with a range of onshore and longshore sand transport systems. This is an up to date reference for the entire coast, its present condition and likely responses to the impacts of climate change.
Book
Potential Future Alternative Resources for Rare Earth Elements: Opportunities and Challenges
Currently, there is an increasing industrial demand for rare earth elements (REE) as these elements are now integral to the manufacture of many carbon-neutral technologies. The depleting REE ores and increasing mining costs are prompting us to consider alternative sources for these valuable metals, particularly from waste streams. Although REE concentrations in most of the alternative resources are lower than current REE ores, some sources including marine sediments, coal ash, and industrial wastes, such as red mud, are emerging as promising with significant concentrations of REE. This review focuses on the alternative resources for REE, such as ocean bottom sediments, continental shelf sediments, river sediments, stream sediments, lake sediments, phosphorite deposits, industrial waste products, such as red mud and phosphogypsum, coal, coal fly ash and related materials, waste rock sources from old and closed mines, acid mine drainage, and recycling of e-waste. Possible future Moon exploration and mining for REE and other valuable minerals are also discussed. It is evident that REE extractions from both primary and secondary ores alone are not adequate to meet the current demand, and sustainable REE recovery from the alternative resources described here is also necessary to meet the growing REE demand. An attempt is made to identify the potential of these alternative resources and sustainability challenges, benefits, and possible environmental hazards to meet the growing challenges of reaching the future REE requirements.
Journal Article
The Persian Gulf : Holocene carbonate sedimentation and diagenesis in a shallow epicontinental sea
This landmark volume, edited by Bruce H. Purser, represents one of the most significant contributions to modern carbonate sedimentology. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the Persian Gulf as a premier contemporary model for a shallow-water epicontinental sea. Through a series of technical papers, the work explores the complex interplay between biological, chemical, and physical processes that govern the formation and alteration of carbonate sediments in a high-salinity, subtropical environment.
BOOK
Assessment of Daily Streamflow, Sediment Fluxes, and Erosion Rate of a Pro-glacial Stream Basin, Central Himalaya, Uttarakhand
Reliable information of hydrological processes within a river basin is essentially required for developing an appropriate strategy for achieving sustainable development goals. The present study assesses the streamflow of a pro-glacial stream and also intends to estimate the contribution of suspended sediments, erosion rate, and the headwater contribution of the Panchachuli glacier. A field study during ablation period was carried out to measure streamflow and suspended sediment concentration (SSC). Further, HBV model was used to estimate the snowmelt. The average seasonal streamflow and SSC during the gauging period (July to October) for the basin were measured to be 7.17 m3/s, and 1.52 g/l in 2018, and 6.84 m3/s, and 1.21 g/l in 2019, respectively. Snowmelt contribution in total streamflow was 54.75% in 2018 which is reduced to 49.16% in 2019. Similarly, glacier melt contributes to 32.62% of its total runoff share in 2018 which was reduced to 28.73% in 2019. The rainfall runoff in total runoff increased to 12.62% from 2018 to 2019. Rainfall-runoff in its total runoff contribution showed an increased share of 22.13% in 2019. The streamflow, SSC, and suspended sediment load (SSL) showed a strong positive correlation for both the years. The suspended sediment yield (SSY), SSL, and erosion rate of the basin were found as high as compared to the other Himalayan basins in Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh and non-Himalayan regions that was found low when compared to other glaciers in Uttarakhand.
Journal Article
Watershed Suspended Sediment Supply and Potential Impacts of Dam Removals for an Estuary
Observations and modeling are used to assess potential impacts of sediment releases due to dam removals on the Hudson River estuary. Watershed sediment loads are calculated based on sediment-discharge rating curves for gauges covering 80% of the watershed area. The annual average sediment load to the estuary is 1.2 Mt, of which about 0.6 Mt comes from side tributaries. Sediment yield varies inversely with watershed area, with regional trends that are consistent with substrate erodibility. Geophysical and sedimentological surveys in seven subwatersheds of the Lower Hudson were conducted to estimate the mass and composition of sediment trapped behind dams. Impoundments were classified as (1) active sediment traps, (2) run-of-river sites not actively trapping sediment, and (3) dammed natural lakes and spring-fed ponds. Based on this categorization and impoundment attributes from a dam inventory database, the total mass of impounded sediment in the Lower Hudson watershed is estimated as 4.9 ± 1.9 Mt. This represents about 4 years of annual watershed supply, which is small compared with some individual dam removals and is not practically available given current dam removal rates. More than half of dams impound drainage areas less than 1 km², and play little role in downstream sediment supply. In modeling of a simulated dam removal, suspended sediment in the estuary increases modestly near the source during discharge events, but otherwise effects on suspended sediment are minimal. Fine-grained sediment deposits broadly along the estuary and coarser sediment deposits near the source, with transport distance inversely related to settling velocity.
Journal Article