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Ways of seeing = طرق الإبصار
On view from 2 June to 13 August 2017, Arter presents \"Ways of Seeing\", an international group exhibition curated by Sam Bardaouil and Till Fellrath, founders of the multi-disciplinary curatorial platform Art Reoriented, and co-chairmen of the Montblanc Cultural Foundation. Taking its cue from John Berger's 1972 groundbreaking text on visual culture, the eponymous exhibition explores the various formalistic strategies that artists employ to re-configure our perception of the world. \"Ways of Seeing\" brings together 33 artists a majority of whom will be exhibited for the first time in Turkey. The exhibition consists of 70 works ranging from 1000 BC to the present and spanning a variety of media from painting, sculpture and photography to sound, film and installation. It includes a number of seminal works such as an early 1968 projection piece by James Turrell, one of the vertical construction installations of Fred Sandback, video pioneers Paul and Marlene Kos' 1976 \"lightning\" video, and two of Gustav Metzger's \"Historic Photographs\" along with a number of his early 1940s drawings.--ARTER website.
BOOK
On Perceiving Abs nces
Can we really perceive absences, i.e., missing things? Sartre tells us that when he arrived late for his appointment at the café, he saw the absence of his friend Pierre. Is that really what he saw? Where was it, exactly? Why didn’t Sartre see the absence of other people who were not there? Why did other people who were there not see the absence of Pierre? The perception of absences gives rise to a host of conundrums and is constantly on the verge of conceptual confusion. Here I focus on the need to be clear about four sorts of distinctions: (i) the difference between perceiving an absence and perceiving something that is absent; (ii) the difference between perceiving an absence and an absence of perceiving; (iii) the difference between perceiving an absence and perceiving something as an absence; and (iv) the difference between perceiving an absence and perceiving that something is absent.
Journal Article
Comparing Object Recognition in Humans and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks—An Eye Tracking Study
Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) and the ventral visual pathway share vast architectural and functional similarities in visual challenges such as object recognition. Recent insights have demonstrated that both hierarchical cascades can be compared in terms of both exerted behavior and underlying activation. However, these approaches ignore key differences in spatial priorities of information processing. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate a comparison of human observers ( N = 45) and three feedforward DCNNs through eye tracking and saliency maps. The results reveal fundamentally different resolutions in both visualization methods that need to be considered for an insightful comparison. Moreover, we provide evidence that a DCNN with biologically plausible receptive field sizes called vNet reveals higher agreement with human viewing behavior as contrasted with a standard ResNet architecture. We find that image-specific factors such as category, animacy, arousal, and valence have a direct link to the agreement of spatial object recognition priorities in humans and DCNNs, while other measures such as difficulty and general image properties do not. With this approach, we try to open up new perspectives at the intersection of biological and computer vision research.
Journal Article
Spirituality and Well-Being: Theory, Science, and the Nature Connection
The links between spirituality and eudaimonic well-being are examined, beginning with a look at theoretical issues as to whether spirituality is best construed as part of well-being, or as a possible influence on well-being. A brief review of scientific findings from the MIDUS study linking religion and spirituality to well-being and other outcomes is then provided to show recent empirical work on these topics. Suggestions for future work are also provided. The third section is forward-thinking and addresses the power of nature to nurture spirituality and well-being, beginning with a look at how current research has linked nature to human flourishing. Issues of spirituality are rarely mentioned in this literature, despite evidence that nature has long been a source of inspiration in poetry, literature, art, and music. These works reveal that the natural world speaks to the human soul. To explore such ideas, parts of Jungian psychology are revisited: the soul’s longing for poetry, myth, and metaphor; the importance of animism, which sees nature as a field inhabited by spirit; and the devaluing of ancient cultures. The final section considers the wisdom of the indigenous peoples who saw spirit in everything. Their inputs, exemplified with “Two-Eyed Seeing”, offer new visions for thinking about the interplay of spirituality, well-being, and the natural world.
Journal Article
The Elusive Nature of “Seeing”
Atmospheric image blur, “seeing”, is one of the key parameters that influences the selection of observatory sites and the performance of ground-based telescopes. In this review, the common definition of seeing based on the Kolmogorov turbulence model is recalled. The ability of this model to represent real, non-stationary fluctuations of the air refractive index is discussed. Even in principle, seeing (a model parameter) cannot be measured with arbitrary accuracy; consequently, describing atmospheric blur by a single number, seeing, is a crude approximation. The operating principles of current seeing monitors are outlined. They measure optical effects caused by turbulence, sampling certain regions of spatial and temporal spectrum of atmosphreic optical disturbances, and interpret their statistics in the framework of the standard model. Biases of seeing monitors (measurement noise, propagation, finite exposure time, optical defects, wind shake, etc.) should be quantified and corrected using simulations, while instrument comparison campaigns serve as a check. The elusive nature of seeing follows from its uniqueness (a given measurement cannot be repeated or checked later), its non-stationarity (dependence on time, location, and viewing direction), a substantial role of the highly variable surface layer, and a potential bias caused by the air flow in the immediate vicinity of the seeing monitors. The results of seeing measurements are outside the scope of this review.
Journal Article
Astronomical Pointlike Source Detection via Deep Feature Matching
This study introduces PSDetNet, an innovative deep neural network tailored for the autonomous detection of pointlike astronomical sources by leveraging feature-matching techniques. PSDetNet comprises two primary modules: feature extraction and matching localization. The feature extraction module is built on residual blocks and adopts an encoder–decoder framework to distill features from images robustly. The matching localization module employs a patch-by-patch comparison against a preconstructed template, which is crafted through the alignment and weighted aggregation of numerous exemplar pointlike source samples, capturing the quintessential distribution characteristics of pointlike sources. The experimental results demonstrate that this network can accurately detect pointlike sources in astronomical imagery with high purity and completeness. It operates end to end and uses a fully convolutional architecture that allows for flexible processing of images of any size. This ability considerably enhances its applicability across various practical scenarios.
Journal Article
Shear Measurement with Poorly Resolved Images
Weak lensing studies typically require excellent seeing conditions for the purpose of maximizing the number density of well-resolved galaxy images. It is interesting to ask to what extent the seeing size limits the usefulness of the astronomical images in weak lensing. In this work, we study this issue with the data of the DECam Legacy Survey, which is a part of the target selection program for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. Using the Fourier_Quad shear measurement pipeline, we demonstrate that images with relatively poor seeing conditions (∼1.″5) can still yield accurate shear estimators. We do not find any correlation between systematic shear error and the image resolution.
Journal Article
Night-time measurements of astronomical seeing at Dome A in Antarctica
Seeing—the angular size of stellar images blurred by atmospheric turbulence—is a critical parameter used to assess the quality of astronomical sites at optical/infrared wavelengths. Median values at the best mid-latitude sites are generally in the range of 0.6–0.8 arcseconds
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. Sites on the Antarctic plateau are characterized by comparatively weak turbulence in the free atmosphere above a strong but thin boundary layer
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. The median seeing at Dome C is estimated to be 0.23–0.36 arcseconds
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above a boundary layer that has a typical height of 30 metres
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. At Domes A and F, the only previous seeing measurements have been made during daytime
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,
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. Here we report measurements of night-time seeing at Dome A, using a differential image motion monitor
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. Located at a height of just 8 metres, it recorded seeing as low as 0.13 arcseconds, and provided seeing statistics that are comparable to those at a height of 20 metres at Dome C. This indicates that the boundary layer was below 8 metres for 31 per cent of the time, with median seeing of 0.31 arcseconds, consistent with free-atmosphere seeing. The seeing and boundary-layer thickness are found to be strongly correlated with the near-surface temperature gradient. The correlation confirms a median thickness of approximately 14 metres for the boundary layer at Dome A, as found from a sonic radar
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. The thinner boundary layer makes it less challenging to locate a telescope above it, thereby giving greater access to the free atmosphere.
The night-time seeing (the extent to which a star’s light is blurred by the atmosphere) at Dome A, the highest part on the Antarctic plateau, can be as good as 0.13 arcseconds above a height of only 8 metres.
Journal Article
Investigation of the Global Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Astronomical Seeing
Astronomical seeing is important for monitoring the atmospheric environment, observation scheduling and management, and selecting astronomical sites. This study first attempts to establish a near-global astronomical seeing map by employing the fifth European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA5) data combined with the estimated model. Then, some example sites’ results from ERA5 were compared against the astronomical seeing results from the balloon-borne microthermal measurements and the differential image motion monitor (DIMM) instrument. The global astronomical seeing variations exhibit large spatial dependence. The best seeing areas are generally discerned over the mid-latitude regions, consistent with the regions of the European Southern Observatory and Tibetan Plateau. In addition, the astronomical seeing values of the Tibetan Plateau in spring are better than in the other seasons. The site results from ERA5 show that the astronomical seeing values of some example sites are generally consistent with the measurements. Overall, the global astronomical seeing map presented in this study can provide a reference and basis to further understand the astronomy site selection and optoelectronics equipment observation path selection.
Journal Article