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With the acceleration of world economic integration and enterprise management globalization, the advent of Internet of things based on Internet and information technology has become inevitable. The Internet of things also brings about a cascading effect between firms’ shadow banking behaviour and bank connections. This study investigates the relationship between firms’ shadow banking behaviour and bank connections by analysing a sample of Chinese listed firms in Internet of things industry. The results show that bank connections eliminate information asymmetry between banks and firms, bank connections are positively related to firms’ long-term debt, and as long-term debt increases, firms’ shadow banking behaviour also increases. Furthermore, this finding shows very strong robustness, the empirical analysis provides sufficient evidence that firms’ shadow banking behaviour increased with bank connections in Internet of things industry. In addition, the evidence also shows that the tendency of shadow banking behaviour is more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises (NSOEs) than state-owned enterprises (SOEs) by sub-sample sensitivity analysis. First published online 17 March 2022

Banking on Growth Models contends that China's rapid economic rise from the late 1970s to today has been built on and shaped by a highly politicized and inefficient bank-centric financial system . Stephen Bell and Hui Feng argue that if the Chinese growth model drives how key economic sectors interact, no amount of incremental reform can have much impact on the financial system-meaningful reform can stem only from a revised growth model. For a time after the global financial crisis, it appeared that the expansion of a more market-oriented shadow banking system might help sustain China's economic growth. Since around 2015, however, Xi Jinping's regime has reversed this trajectory and placed China's financial system under heavy state control, resulting in slowed economic development and skyrocketing national debt. China's market transition and economic rebalancing are now in doubt, as is the fate of the nation's economy. By pinpointing finance as a vital element of the growth model, Bell and Feng provide a convincing assessment of financial risks and the prospects for economic rebalancing in China. Banking on Growth Models demystifies the world of Chinese banking and finance as it investigates an ever-rising national debt, a declining rate of economic growth, and the possibility of dire and drastic reform by the Asian superpower's government.

The focus of this paper is placed on shadow banking as a less regulated segment of the financial system recognizable by its increasingly significant presence in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe with a tendency of further accelerated growth in recent years. Despite the significant contribution by providing alternative sources of liquidity and alternative funding to the real economy, shadow banking can be a significant source of systemic risk. The subject of this paper is to examine the relationship between selected macroeconomic and financial variables and the size of the shadow banking system by applying the regression with fixed effects in seven Central and Eastern European countries over the period 2007-2021 with a quarterly dataset. Empirical results confirm that shadow banking positively correlates with traditional banks, complementing the demand for financial products that the banking sector, adhering to strict regulatory requirements, abstains from supporting. Our study aims to highlight the threat, more excellent orientation towards strengthening the bank’s capital requirements to cause further expansion of the activities in the non-banking part of the financial sector beyond the sight of the regulators, as well as the necessity to identify the challenge of making this less regulated part of the financial system more stable and sustainable.

This paper explores the interaction between Chinese courts and regulators in dealing with promised return trusts, and shows that regulatory concern has been the main driver of the doctrinal modification over the past two decades. Until very recently, the investment trust sector was characterised by the offering of direct and indirect promised return trusts to investors. The most prominent feature of a promised return trust is that the beneficiary avoids the risks of both investment failure and the trustee’s insolvency. Chinese courts initially adopted a position of recognising the validity of both the trust and the promised return clause to facilitate governmental finance after the subprime mortgage crisis, yet later changed to one recognising the validity of the trust while negating direct promised return clauses only, as provided by the milestone Minutes issued by the Chinese Supreme Court in 2019. Both the pre-2019 and post-2019 attitudes of Chinese courts towards promised return trusts significantly deviate from two English trust law doctrines, namely, the mutual exclusivity of trust and debt, and beneficiaries being not personally liable to each other. The underlying reason why such divergence occurs is that the Chinese trust law doctrine in this regard has been reshaped in the interest of financial regulation in order to reduce systemic risk in shadow banking.

This study is determined by several factors that include: (1) increasing interest in the shadow banking system as a result of the consequences of the global financial crisis; (2) the links between the traditional banking system and the shadow banking system with regard to the impact on financial stability; (3) low interest rates on bank deposits in recent years that might drive the development of the shadow banking system and (4) the lack of extensive literature on similar studies regarding Romania. The period analyzed is 2008-2018, beginning with the year when the effects of the global financial crisis were felt in Romania and the macroeconomic conditions deteriorated. The results reveal that the shadow banking in Romania is small compared to the regular banking system that dominates the Romanian financial system. The European Union financial sector greatly impacts both the banking sector and the shadow banking system. The entities and the activities composing the shadow banking system are not complex and the links between the two financial sectors raise greater risks to shadow banking entities than to regular banks.

The 2008 crisis had stigmatized the shadow banking system as resulting of deviant behavior of banks seeking to take advantage of regulatory loopholes. Some had called for its disappearance. Far from having disappeared, shadow banking in 2021 can no longer be approached as a marginal phenomenon. It must now be analyzed as the structural form of the contemporary financial and banking system: it shapes the role and functions of the members of the system, ensures its viability but is also at the heart of its fragility. This article highlights the essential role of shadow banking in transforming the hierarchy of monetary liquidity (Part 1) and in maintaining banking and financial activities despite a deteriorated economic context (Part 2). JEL Codes: G23, G28

We develop an infinite horizon macroeconomic model of banking that allows for liquidity mismatch and bank runs. Whether a bank run equilibrium exists depends on bank balance sheets and an endogenous liquidation price for bank assets. While in normal times a bank run equilibrium may not exist, the possibility can arise in recessions. A run leads to a significant contraction in intermediation and aggregate economic activity. Anticipations of a run have harmful effects on the economy even if the run does not occur. We illustrate how the model can shed light on some key aspects of the recent financial crisis.

We present a model of shadow banking in which banks originate and trade loans, assemble them into diversified portfolios, and finance these portfolios externally with riskless debt. In this model: outside investor wealth drives the demand for riskless debt and indirectly for securitization, bank assets and leverage move together, banks become interconnected through markets, and banks increase their exposure to systematic risk as they reduce idiosyncratic risk through diversification. The shadow banking system is stable and welfare improving under rational expectations, but vulnerable to crises and liquidity dry-ups when investors neglect tail risks.

Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, SETLcoin, Ether, Solar Coin, or Liberty Reserve exist since 2009. Because of their decentralized control, they are often considered a threat or alternative to the conventional centralized banking system. While the technological implication of some such currencies, especially of Bitcoin, has attracted much attention, so far there is little discussion about the entire field of cryptocurrencies and very little academic literature addressing its ethical significance. In this article, we thus address the impact of \"blockchain technology\" on the nature of financial transactions from a business ethics perspective. We begin with a survey on relevant literature from neighboring disciplines. Next, we work towards a 3 × 3 framework for current debates on the ethics of cryptocurrencies (see Table 1): we combine the micro, meso, and macro levels of business and society with assessments of the potential ethical impact of cryptocurrencies as morally beneficial, detrimental, and ambiguous. In addition, we highlight possible avenues for future research, such as the changing roles of the miners and regulators, the prosocial use of cryptocurrencies, the antisocial use for shadow banking and transactions in the 'dark net' and cryptocurrencies' effect on inflation and deflation.

We study how monetary policy in China influences banks’ shadow banking activities. We develop and estimate the endogenously switching monetary policy rule that is based on institutional facts and at the same time tractable in the spirit of Taylor (1993). This development, along with two newly constructed micro banking datasets, enables us to establish the following empirical evidence. Contractionary monetary policy during 2009–2015 caused shadow banking loans to rise rapidly, offsetting the expected decline of traditional bank loans and hampering the effectiveness of monetary policy on total bank credit. We advance a theoretical explanation of our empirical findings.