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Coupled signaling between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts is crucial to the maintenance of bone homeostasis. We previously reported that v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like (CrkL), which belongs to the Crk family of adaptors, inhibits bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-mediated osteoblast differentiation, while enhancing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we investigated whether CrkL can also regulate the coupling signals between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, facilitating bone homeostasis. Osteoblastic CrkL strongly decreased RANKL expression through its inhibition of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) transcription. Reduction in RANKL expression by CrkL in osteoblasts resulted in the inhibition of not only osteoblast-dependent osteoclast differentiation but also osteoclast-dependent osteoblast differentiation, suggesting that CrkL participates in the coupling signals between osteoblasts and osteoclasts via its regulation of RANKL expression. Therefore, CrkL bifunctionally regulates osteoclast differentiation through both a direct and indirect mechanism while it inhibits osteoblast differentiation through its blockade of both BMP2 and RANKL reverse signaling pathways. Collectively, these data suggest that CrkL is involved in bone homeostasis, where it helps to regulate the complex interactions of the osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their coupling signals.

The submillimeter band accounts for a significant proportion of the photon energy in the universe, and an atmospheric window in the 600–720 GHz band is essential for astronomical detection because it contains a large number of molecular and atomic spectral lines. The superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) mixer is one of the most sensitive coherent detectors. In order to improve the accuracy of detection and sensitivity and reduce noise temperature, a novel SIS mixer is proposed. It includes the design of the SIS junction, the signal coupling circuit, and the mixing circuit. After the initial optimization of the NbN‐based SIS junction's parameters, a signal coupling circuit is designed, with a return loss of less than −16 dB and an embedding impedance of 60 Ω. The mixing circuit is composed of the impedance transformer and tuning circuit. It is investigated using the SuperMix library, including the analysis of the effects of transformer width and tuner length. The return loss is less than −7.5 dB, and it is reduced by about 34% when the transformer width is decreased from 2.6 to 2.0 μm, indicating a good transmission performance. The research results can provide a reference for the development of high‐frequency and high‐sensitivity SIS mixers. This research work focuses on a waveguide NbN‐based superconductor–insulator–superconductor mixer operating at 650 GHz. The signal coupling circuit is designed using a waveguide‐microstrip coupling structure, and the return loss obtained is lower than −16 dB. For the mixing circuit, its return loss is less than −7.5 dB, and the return loss reduces with the reduction of the transformer width.

Multi-channel high-speed wire electrical discharge machining (HSWEDM) has shown great potential in enhancing the cutting rate of metal workpieces. However, the mechanism of multi-channel discharges in this technique remains unclear. In this paper, the equivalent circuit and processing model of the multi-channel HSWEDM were developed to investigate the discharge characteristics. It was found that the equipotential between electrodes is the primary factor causing electrical signal coupling between channels, hindering the achievement of synchronous discharge. To address this issue, a novel power supply with a decoupling circuit was devised. By utilizing the combined effect of electrode wire resistance and current limiting resistance (Rc), a potential difference was induced between electrodes in different channels, enabling electrical signal decoupling and facilitating synchronous discharge. The impact of Rc on synchronous discharge was examined, revealing that a reduction in Rc can increase the gap voltage of non-breakdown channels, thereby enhancing the discharge ratio. Finally, cutting rate experiments were conducted. When the new power supply was used for electrical signal decoupling, the cutting rates of multi-channel WEDM were significantly improved. Compared to single-channel HSWEDM, the cutting rates of two-channel and four-channel HSWEDM are enhanced by 84.06% and 247.83%, respectively.

Low voltage power line carrier communication simulation software and simulation test system is analog carrier communication channel environment in different ways, the two systems complement each other, the former design stage for communications equipment, flexible and comprehensive simulation of the channel complex transmission characteristics; the latter stages of a communication device for debugging, you can be more effective and intuitive reflect any change in the characteristics of the load. This paper describes the combination of the two respective characteristics of its ability to effectively simulate the actual channel transmission characteristics.

The human body can act as a medium for the transmission of electromagnetic waves in the wireless body sensor networks context. However, there are transmission losses in biological tissues due to the presence of water and salts. This Letter focuses on lateral intra-body microwave communication through different biological tissue layers and demonstrates the effect of the tissue thicknesses by comparing signal coupling in the channel. For this work, the authors utilise the R-band frequencies since it overlaps the industrial, scientific and medical radio (ISM) band. The channel model in human tissues is proposed based on electromagnetic simulations, validated using equivalent phantom and ex-vivo measurements. The phantom and ex-vivo measurements are compared with simulation modelling. The results show that electromagnetic communication is feasible in the adipose tissue layer with a low attenuation of ∼2 dB per 20 mm for phantom measurements and 4 dB per 20 mm for ex-vivo measurements at 2 GHz. Since the dielectric losses of human adipose tissues are almost half of ex-vivo tissue, an attenuation of around 3 dB per 20 mm is expected. The results show that human adipose tissue can be used as an intra-body communication channel.

The dynamic measurement of the high pressure side flow in hydraulic system is still one of the important and difficult problems in hydraulic test technique. In order to solve the dynamic coupling mechanism between main and bypass oil-way fluid flow signals in the bypass flow measurement method, hydraulic system software was used to analysis the problem in this paper, the dynamic coupling relationship between main and bypass oil-way fluid flow signals were obtained. Finally verify the feasibility of the bypass flow measurement method.

Summary Considerable advances have been made, both in the technologies available to study changes in intracellular cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), and in our understanding of Ca2+ signalling cascades in plant cells, but how specificity can be generated from such a ubiquitous component as Ca2+ is questionable. Recently the concept of ‘Ca2+ signatures’ has been formulated; tight control of the temporal and spatial characteristics of alterations in [Ca2+]i signals is thought to be responsible, at least in part, for the specificity of the response. However, the way in which Ca2+ signatures are decoded, which depends on the nature and location of the targets of the Ca2+ signals, has received little attention. In a few key systems, progress is being made on how diverse Ca2+ signatures might be transduced within cells in response to specific signals. Valuable pieces of the signal‐specificity puzzle are being put together and this is illustrated here using some key examples; these emphasize the global importance of Ca2+‐mediated signal‐transduction cascades in the responses of plants to a wide diversity of extracellular signals. However, the way in which signal specificity is encoded and transduced is still far from clear.

Symbolic-code condition mutual information (SCCMI) algorithm is proposed,which can detect coupling between several systems.SCCMI combines condition mutual information with symbolic-code algorithm. Condition mutual information entropy is used to finding coupling degree between time series .The meaning of symbolic-code algorithm is to retention large scale information of time sequence, whats more ,reduce noise effect. SCCMI algorithm is used to analyze difference of coupling between epileptic EEG signals and normal ones .Hypothesis testing was done by SPSS.It turns out that the difference between epileptic EEG signals and normal ones is significant.SCCMI algorithm is proved to be effective. And coupling degree can be used as a parameter to measure if brain is healthy.

Casing coupling location signals provided by the magnetic localizer in retractors are typically used to ascertain the position of casing couplings in horizontal wells. However, the casing coupling location signal is usually submerged in noise, which will result in the failure of casing coupling detection under the harsh logging environment conditions. The limitation of Shannon wavelet time entropy, in the feature extraction of casing status, is presented by analyzing its application mechanism, and a corresponding improved algorithm is subsequently proposed. On the basis of wavelet transform, two derivative algorithms, singular values decomposition and Tsallis entropy theory, are proposed and their physics meanings are researched. Meanwhile, a novel data mining approach to extract casing status features with Tsallis wavelet singularity entropy is put forward in this paper. The theoretical analysis and experiment results indicate that the proposed approach can not only extract the casing coupling features accurately, but also identify the characteristics of perforation and local corrosion in casings. The innovation of the paper is in the use of simple wavelet entropy algorithms to extract the complex nonlinear logging signal features of a horizontal well tractor.

Episodic pulses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are essential for maintaining reproductive functions in mammals. An explanation for the origin of this rhythm remains an ultimate goal for researchers in this field. Some plausible mechanisms have been proposed among which the autocrine-regulation mechanism has been implicated by numerous experiments. GnRH binding to its receptors in cultured GnRH neurons activates three types of G-proteins that selectively promote or inhibit GnRH secretion (Krsmanovic et al. in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100:2969-974, 2003). This mechanism appears to be consistent with most data collected so far from both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Based on this mechanism, a mathematical model has been developed (Khadra and Li in Biophys. J. 91:74-3, 2006) in which GnRH in the extracellular space plays the roles of a feedback regulator and a synchronizing agent. In the present study, we show that synchrony between different neurons through sharing a common pool of GnRH is extremely robust. In a diversely heterogeneous population of neurons, the pulsatile rhythm is often maintained when only a small fraction of the neurons are active oscillators (AOs). These AOs are capable of recruiting nonoscillatory neurons into a group of recruited oscillators while forcing the nonrecruitable neurons to oscillate along. By pointing out the existence of the key elements of this model in vivo, we predict that the same mechanism revealed by experiments in vitro may also operate in vivo. This model provides one plausible explanation for the apparently controversial conclusions based on experiments on the effects of the ultra-short feedback loop of GnRH on its own release in vivo.