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This study adopted single-factor tests integrated with response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD) to improve and optimize the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique for protein extraction from perilla meal. Four major parameters (material-liquid ratio, extraction pH, microwave power, microwave time) were screened and evaluated in preliminary trials, and their favorable ranges were determined as 1:15, 8–10, 400 W and 120 s, respectively. On this basis, BBD was employed to further refine three core variables: extraction pH, microwave power, and microwave time, and a quadratic regression model was constructed. Analysis of variance verified the model was statistically significant and highly reliable ( F  = 30.48, p  < 0.0001), with a satisfactory goodness-of-fit. A distinct synergistic interaction between extraction pH and microwave power toward protein yield was detected, whereas interactive impacts between microwave time and the other two variables were not significant. The magnitude of influence on protein yield followed: microwave time > microwave power > extraction pH. The model predicted a peak protein yield of 31.3276% under the optimized conditions: pH 10.02, 398.63 W, 115.45 s. Validation experiments yielded an actual yield of 30.9309 ± 0.1036% ( n  = 3), which closely matched the predicted value, confirming the precision and industrial applicability of the model. This work established a high-efficiency MAE protocol for perilla meal protein and supplied a scientifically sound and scalable technical foundation for industrial application and high-value valorization of this underused plant protein resource.

Here, we aimed to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for Yujin powder (YJP) and evaluate its safety. The ultrasonic-assisted ethanol reflux extraction method refluxing was used to extract YJP. The parameters were optimized through a combination of single-factor and response surface methodology (RSM). The comprehensive Y value score calculated using the content of 13 active ingredients in YJP ethanolic extracts (YEEs) and the yield of the dry extract were used as measuring criteria. RSM with a Box–Behnken design using three factors and three levels was adopted to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for YJP. Finally, acute and subchronic toxicity tests were performed to evaluate its safety. The results revealed the best technological parameters: a liquid–material ratio of 24:1, an ethanol concentration of 69%, assistance of ultrasound (40 °C, 50 kHZ, 30 min), reflux time of 53 min, and reflux temperature of 50 °C. In acute toxicity tests, the maximum administration dosage in mice was 28.21 g/kg, which is higher than 10 times the clinical dosage. Adverse effects in the acute and subchronic toxicity tests were not observed. All clinical indexes were normal. In conclusion, the RSM based on AHP–CRITIC weight analysis could be used to optimize the ethanol extraction technology for YJP and YEEs prepared under the above conditions and ensure high safety.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an occurring antibiotic produced through Penicillium brevicompactum. Its production was achieved by systematic process optimization under submerged fermentation. In shake flask, single-factor test experiments, Box–Behnken design (BBD) experiments, and fermentation strategy were determined, and the MPA yield was reached at 3002 ± 47, 3610 ± 51, and 4748 ± 59 µg/mL, respectively. For fermentation strategy, MPA production was 58.1% higher than that initial fermentation condition without optimization. Then, the optimized medium was further carried out in 5-L stirred fermenter for 180 h; MPA titer was increased from 3712 ± 65 µg/mL to 5786 ± 76 µg/mL, 55.9% higher than that of single-factor optimized medium. The results of this investigation will provide a vital step toward industrial-scale production of MPA.

To improve the quality of natural rubber tapping operations and resolve ambiguities in force application during the tapping process, a mechanical testing platform integrating linear and rotary modules was developed. This platform precisely quantifies critical force parameters involved in blade extension, cutting, and retraction. It allows for the controlled adjustment of key process parameters, such as cutting angle, tapping speed, and blade orientation. The study began with single-factor experiments to examine how three individual factors—cutting angle, blade orientation angle, and blade bending angle—affect tapping force and the quality of the cut surface. When the cutting angle ranges from 25° to 30°, the cutting force along the X-axis first increases and then decreases. As the blade’s X-axis orientation increases from 0° to 15°, the cutting force gradually decreases. A decrease in the blade angle increases force fluctuations during wood chip cutting, leading to rougher surfaces and increased chip bending and fragmentation. Researchers employed a three-factor, three-level orthogonal experimental design to further investigate the interactions among multiple parameters. A mathematical model was established to correlate the investigated parameters with the cutting force and its total variance. The model identified the optimal combination of parameters: a cutting angle of 30°, a blade bending angle of 80°, and a blade attitude angle of 10°. Experimental results indicate that this optimal conFigureuration yields a cutting force of 9.44 N and a total variance of 3.87 N2. This conFigureuration contributes to a reduced cutting force, smoother cut surfaces, and continuous wood chip formation. This study offers foundational data for optimising the design of rubber tapping machines and improving overall tapping quality.

A robust Folin–Ciocalteu method, coupled with an optimized ultrasonic-assisted extraction, was established for accurate quantification of total polyphenols in high-oil grape seed matrices, where lipid interference and low extraction efficiency have been persistent challenges. Samples were first defatted with n-hexane to eliminate lipid interference. Key colorimetric parameters—Folin–Ciocalteu reagent volume, Na2CO3 concentration, reaction temperature, and time—were systematically optimized and validated for linearity, precision, and recovery. Subsequently, using defatted grape seed powder as the raw material, a four-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology was employed to optimize the four extraction parameters: solid-to-liquid ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, and extraction time. The optimal conditions were 0.5 mL of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, 20% Na2CO3, and reaction at 30 °C for 2.0 h, yielding a linear calibration curve (R2 = 0.9991) with satisfactory methodological validation. Optimal extraction (52% ethanol, 1:50 w/v, 68 °C, 21 min) achieved a total polyphenol content of 2.93 × 104 mg·kg−1, closely matching the predicted value (relative error = 0.34%). Analysis of seven grape seed varieties from the Hebei Province revealed significant content variation (p < 0.05), ranging from 3.24 to 7.47 × 104 mg·kg−1, with Rose grape seeds exhibiting the highest level. The developed method effectively overcame matrix interference from high oil content, offering a reliable, efficient tool for screening high-polyphenol grape seed varieties and supporting the development of value-added functional products.

The construction of traditional underground utility tunnels faces prominent challenges, including high costs, long construction cycles, and limited workspace. Although 3D printing technology offers an effective solution to these issues, its practical application is largely constrained by key performance factors such as the printability, early strength, and interlayer bonding of concrete materials. This study aims to develop a 3D-printable concrete material specifically suited for the construction of underground utility tunnels. Through collaborative optimization of parameters such as the water–binder ratio, additives, and fiber content using single-factor and orthogonal tests, the optimal mix proportion was determined: a water–binder ratio of 0.30, a 10% dosage of rapid-hardening sulphoaluminate cement (R·SAC), a sand-to-binder ratio of 1.0, 20% mineral admixtures (15% fly ash + 5% silica fume), and a 1.0% volume fraction of polypropylene fibers. The results indicate that the fresh paste achieved a flowability of 192 mm, demonstrating excellent printability. Specimens printed using a sawtooth toolpath reached a 3-day compressive strength of 37.8 MPa, with 28-day compressive and flexural strengths increasing to 56.3 MPa and 7.8 MPa, respectively, and an interlayer bond strength of 3.5 MPa. Crucially, the compressive and flexural anisotropy coefficients were as low as 0.023 and 0.066, respectively, showing a preliminary exploratory trend superior to levels reported in some literature and suggesting the potential of printed components to improve structural performance consistency. This material system not only meets the requirements of 3D printing for early strength and workability but also, by introducing R·SAC to form a low-alkalinity binder system, provides a potential pathway for enhancing long-term durability in corrosive environments. This study offers a reliable theoretical and experimental basis for the application of 3D printing technology in underground engineering. Long-term durability will remain a primary focus of subsequent research.

Paenibacillus polymyxa strain PJH16, isolated and tested by our team, suppresses cucumber Fusarium wilt as an efficient biocontrol agent. For further investigation, the strain has been combined with two other Bacillus strains (Bacillus velezensis VJH504 and Bacillus subtilis JNF2) to enhance biocontrol ability, which formed high-efficiency microbial agents in the current study. The methodological target taken is based on achieving the optimal growth conditions of the combined microbial agents; hence, the medium composition and culture conditions were optimized through a single-factor test, orthogonal test and response surface methodology. Following this, the effectiveness of the microbial combination was assessed through pot experiments, which provided a theoretical foundation for the synthesis of microbial flora to significantly control cucumber Fusarium wilt. The results showed excellent compatibility, proving suitable for the proliferation and growth of Paenibacillus polymyxa PJH16, Bacillus velezensis VJH504, and Bacillus subtilis JNF2 strains together, specifically, when the inoculation amounts were adjusted to 4% of each. Using the single-factor test and orthogonal test analysis, the optimum composition of culture medium for the composite strain was identified as 3% glucose as the optimal carbon source, 2% yeast extract powder as the preferred nitrogen source, and 1% dipotassium hydrogen phosphate as the most suitable inorganic salt. Furthermore, the optical density (OD600) of the composite strain solution reached its highest level at 3.16 under the following culture conditions: inoculation volume of 200 µL, 171 rpm culture speed, 21.6 h culture time, 30 °C cultural temperature, and an initial pH of 7.0. The pot experiment demonstrated that the mixed bacterial solution achieved a relative control efficacy of 93.4% against cucumber Fusarium wilt, which was significantly superior to that of single- strain or pesticide treatment, and also promoted cucumber growth. In summary, the microbial flora synthesized by the three Bacillus strains displayed a high bacterial concentration, following the optimization of culture conditions, and exerted remarkable control and growth-promoting effects on cucumber Fusarium wilt. This finding holds great significance for future developments of composite microbial agents.

Cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ore exhibits a complex mineral composition and significant variations in mineral properties, which frequently lead to issues such as the over-grinding of cassiterite and under-grinding of sulfide minerals during the grinding process. These issues consequently impair liberation performance in subsequent beneficiation stages. Among these factors, the grinding media ratios stand as one of the critical factors influencing grinding efficiency. Based on these, the paper adopts the single-factor test method to systematically study the influence law of factors such as grinding time, mill rotational rate, and mill filling rate on the particle size composition of ore grinding products and the grinding technology efficiency under different media conditions; in addition, it is compared with the influence law of different conditions of media ratios on the grinding efficiency of ore. The results show that the optimal parameters of the grinding operation are obtained at the grinding time of 4 min, the mill rotational rate of 60%, and the filling rate of 35%. The grinding time and mill filling rate have a relatively more significant effect on the product particle size distribution, while the effect of the mill rotational rate is relatively less significant. When the parameters of grinding operations are optimal, the yield of qualified particle size and grinding technical efficiency are used as the evaluation indices, respectively. Overall, the order of the grinding effect of different media conditions was as follows: steel ball combination of Φ20 mm and Φ25 mm > steel balls of three single sizes > steel ball combination of Φ20 mm and Φ30 mm. The optimal grinding media ratios are Φ20 mm and Φ25 mm (the percentage of the Φ20 mm ball is 90%). The reasonable media ratios will effectively coordinate the optimal grinding effect between different media. The research results can provide the necessary basic data for the subsequent grinding optimization of cassiterite polymetallic sulfide ores.

Green, healthy and sustainable development is the development direction of China’s agriculture, and stable fertilizer has become the first choice for orchard fertilizer. In this paper, in order to improve the working performance of the combined fertilizer application device of 2KF-30 type orchard stable fertilizer deep applicator, the matching degree of the combined operation of scraper and auger was taken as the research objective, and theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental verification were combined to carry out the research. Applying fuzzy theory, the comprehensive qualified rate weighted by the uniformity of fertilization and the qualified rate of fertilization was proposed as the evaluation index. The scraper shaft speed, scraper space, spiral conveyor speed, and spiral conveyor pitch were selected as the test factors, and the comprehensive qualified rate of fertilization for the combined fertilization device was taken as the evaluation index. The test design was carried out by single-factor and response surface method tests, and numerical simulations were conducted by discrete element software to analyze the optimal combination of fertilizer application parameters. The test results were analyzed based on the numerical simulation of discrete element software. The testbed was set up to verify the above optimal results. The results showed that the maximum error between the physical test and the numerical simulation was 8.67%, the minimum error was 1.75% and the overall mean error between the physical test value of the combined fertilizer application pass rate and the predicted value of the quadratic regression equation was 5.99%, which can meet the operational performance requirements of the fertilization device. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the design and improvement of the deep fertilizing machine for orchard manure.

This study was designed to systematically identify novel umami peptides in lager beer, clarify their molecular interactions with the T1R1/T1R3 receptor, and determine their specific effects on multidimensional sensory attributes. The peptides were characterized by LC-MS/MS combined with de novo sequencing, and 906 valid sequences were obtained. Machine-learning models (UMPred-FRL, Tastepeptides-Meta, and Umami-MRNN) predicted 76 potential umami peptides. These candidates were docked to T1R1/T1R3 with the CDOCKER protocol, producing 57 successful complexes. Six representative peptides—KSTEL, DELIK, DIGISSK, IEKYSGA, DEVR, and PVPL—were selected for 100 ns molecular-dynamics simulations and MM/GBSA binding-energy calculations. All six peptides stably occupied the narrow cleft at the T1R1/T1R3 interface. Their binding free energies ranked as DEVR (−44.09 ± 5.47 kcal mol−1) < KSTEL (−43.21 ± 3.45) < IEKYSGA (−39.60 ± 4.37) ≈ PVPL (−39.53 ± 2.52) < DELIK (−36.14 ± 3.11) < DIGISSK (−26.45 ± 4.52). Corresponding taste thresholds were 0.121, 0.217, 0.326, 0.406, 0.589, and 0.696 mmol L−1 (DEVR < KSTEL < IEKYSGA < DELIK < PVPL < DIGISSK). TDA-based sensory validation with single-factor additions showed that KSTEL, DELIK, DEVR, and PVPL increased umami scores by ≈21%, ≈22%, ≈17%, and ≈11%, respectively, while DIGISSK and IEKYSGA produced marginal changes (≤2%). The short-chain peptides thus bound with high affinity to T1R1/T1R3 and improved core taste and mouthfeel but tended to amplify certain off-flavors, and the long-chain peptides caused detrimental impacts. Future formulation optimization should balance flavor enhancement and off-flavor suppression, providing a theoretical basis for targeted brewing of umami-oriented lager beer.