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Terrain-neglected radiometric distortion remains a major challenge in quantitative remote sensing over slope terrain. While numerous topographic correction models have been developed and validated in specific regions or simulated settings, a systematic and quantitative evaluation of the satellite-derived reflectance bias introduced by terrain neglect is still lacking. A global whole-year multi-angular reflectance data set was produced for >15000 homogeneous 500 m single-slopes by coupling MODIS daily products with a physically based radiative-transfer model, including both terrain-neglected and terrain-corrected surface reflectance. The relative percent bias of terrain-neglected reflectance to terrain-corrected reflectance (rBias) was evaluated across four slope groups (10°–15°, 15°–20°, 20°–30°, ≥30°). The results show that rBias is primarily governed by slope-driven variation in relative solar zenith angles (rSZA). Positive and negative values of rBias flips with rSZA: terrain-neglected reflectance is totally overestimated at small rSZA ( 0°–15°) while totally underestimated at high rSZA ( 69°–90°), and the whole proportion of underestimation increases with slope, from 58.4% at 10°–15° to 71.5% at ≥30°. Magnitude of rBias escalates non-linearly with both slope and rSZA, as median rBias ranges from −29.5% to 4.2% at 10°–15° slopes and from −61.2% to 11.9% at slopes ≥30°. Also, with the rBias extrema expand from (−55.2%, 24.8%) at 10°–15° slopes to (−88.3%, 55.0%) at slopes ≥30°. These findings quantify terrain-neglected satellite-derived reflectance bias and highlight the need for topographic correction under steep slopes and high rSZA.

The incident angle of seismic waves influences the dynamic response of rock slopes. However, the relationship between the back-slope effect in strong earthquake areas and the incident angle has not been well-explained. Based on the equivalent nodal force method and the viscoelastic artificial boundary theory, the oblique incidence of seismic P-wave and SV-wave are carried out in FLAC3D software. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by comparing it with the results of the theoretical solution and another numerical result. The dynamic response of trapezoidal canyon slope under oblique incidence of P-waves and SV-waves was studied, and the effects of different slope angles and canyon widths were analyzed. The study reveals a pronounced back-slope effect under the action of the P-wave and SV-wave, and the slope’s horizontal direction dynamic response plays an important role. At the same location on the slope surface, the relative horizontal acceleration of the slope increases with the incident angle of P-waves and SV-waves, and the maximum value on the back-slope side is approximately 19 times and 6.8 times that of the front-slope side, respectively. Slope angle significantly affects the back-slope side’s dynamic response, showing an increase with increasing slope angle, while canyon width has a limited impact.

This study systematically investigated the influence of slope effects on soil-pile interaction in integral abutment jointless bridges (IAJBs) under cyclic loading through pseudo-static cyclic tests. While existing studies on the soil-structure interaction in IAJBs had predominantly centered on level-ground conditions, the asymmetric constraint effects of sloped terrains remained inadequately investigated. To address this research limitation, three reinforced concrete piles—with varying ratios (b/d = 2.0, 0.0, −2.0) of the distance (b) from pile side relative to slope crest to the pile diameter ( d )—were embedded in layered clay-sand slopes and subjected to cyclic displacements. Key results indicated that decreasing the ratio (b/d) from 2.0 to -2.0 increased the maximum damage depth by 25% and expanded the crack distribution range by 50%. The lateral load and soil reaction of the pile in the slope-facing direction decreased by 29.1% and 28.9%, respectively, while backslope values remained stable. Both the equivalent viscous damping and stiffness in the slope-facing direction degraded by 12–32%. These findings clarified the asymmetric soil-pile interaction mechanisms induced by slope effects and provided critical references for optimizing pile embedment depth and seismic design of IAJBs in sloped terrains.

Accurate discharge measurement in irrigation channels is critical for improving water use efficiency and optimizing water allocation. To investigate the controlling factors of sediment deposition and its influence on the stage–discharge relationship, controlled experiments were conducted in a rectangular glass flume. Sediment concentration (4–16 kg/m3), bed slope (0.0005–0.002), and discharge (15–45 L/s) were systematically varied, and longitudinal deposition thickness and corresponding water stages were measured. Results indicate that sediment concentration is the dominant factor controlling deposition thickness, exhibiting a downstream-decreasing influence, with pronounced differences upstream and convergence downstream. Bed slope and discharge mitigate deposition by enhancing near-bed hydraulics; upstream deposition thickness decreased by approximately 35% and 23% as slope increased from 0.0005 to 0.002 and discharge increased from 15 to 45 L/s, respectively, with the regulatory effect diminishing along the flow direction. Three-dimensional response analysis revealed a compound “concentration-dominated and hydraulically regulated” mechanism: under low-discharge, low-slope, and high-concentration conditions, the ratio of deposition thickness to measured water depth (hd/h) exceeded 15%, whereas it decreased below 5% under high-discharge, high-slope, and low-concentration conditions. Sediment deposition elevated the overall water stage by approximately 3–4% and caused systematic overestimation of stage-based discharge, with errors reaching 31.4% under low-discharge and high-concentration conditions and decreasing to 4.94% under high-discharge and steep-slope conditions. These findings provide quantitative evidence for discharge measurement and stage–discharge relationship calibration in sediment-laden open channels.

In engineering blasting, the slope surfaces in the blasting area exert various effects on the blast vibration velocity. For example, the slope effect and the whipping effect are generated in the slope area, which will influence the blast vibration velocity. The slope area is the key protection area for many projects; therefore, it is of practical value to explore the influence of slope surface on blast vibration speed for the prediction of blast vibration and protection against it. The influence of slope effect and whipping effect on blast vibration velocity in the slope area was analyzed by numerical simulation and fitting. The field monitoring data were fitted to the blast vibration velocity prediction formula. According to the obtained fitting formula, we inferred that vibration speed amplification occurred in the slope area. Numerical simulation was carried out using the ANSYS/LS-DYNA program. Using the above two methods, whether the slope effect and whip tip effect occurred in the study area was verified. By numerical simulation, we established three-dimensional (3D) slope models for four different working conditions. We simulated the complete blasting process and the consistency between the simulation results, and the field data proved the reliability of the numerical simulation. Based on the results of the numerical simulation, we explored the variation of blasting vibration velocity under different height difference conditions. Finally, we explored the distribution law of blasting vibration at the slope surface and inside the slope.

The slope aspect effect is widely distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and has an important impact on the permafrost environment. The differences in surface heat exchange characteristics of different slope aspects in the permafrost region of Gu Mountain in the Beiluhe Basin were compared and analyzed based on observations of the south slope (sunny slope) and north slope (shadowy slope) from 2019 to 2021. The air-ground heat transfer process on the slopes was simulated using the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Then, the simulation results of the sensible and latent heat fluxes on the slopes were corrected and analyzed using the Bowen ratio correction method. The results show that under the influence of the solar altitude angle and subsurface conditions, the downward shortwave radiation (DR), upward shortwave radiation (UR), and upward longwave radiation (ULR) were higher on the sunny slope than those on the shadowy slope, whereas the downward longwave radiation (DLR) was lower than that on the shadowy slope. Jointly, the net radiation energy on the sunny slope was smaller than that on the shadowy slope, and the annual average net radiation difference reached 16.7 W·m −2 . The annual and daily variations in soil heat flux on the sunny slope were higher than those on the shadowy slope. The energy closure rate on the sunny slope was high with a confinement rate of 0.85, whereas that on the shadowy slope was poor with a confinement rate of 0.51. The air-ground energy transfer patterns on the sunny and shadowy slopes showed obvious seasonal differences. Both slopes are dominated by the sensible heat exchange transfer mode in the cold season, whereas the shadowy slope is dominated by latent heat exchange in the warm season. This study improves our understanding of the distribution, development, and environmental effects of permafrost, under the influence of local factors.

The sunny-shady slopes effect is a phenomenon that impacts the temperature distribution of high-speed railway subgrades, resulting in uneven frost heaving deformation on the subgrade surface, which in turn causes static irregularity in the slab track. Based on the hydraulics theory, a thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupled model of frozen soil is established and verified. We explore the process and characteristics of the temperature field and deformation of soil during the freezing process of high-speed railway subgrades and analyze the track irregularity variation law of China Railway Track System III slab tracks under uneven frost heaving deformation. The results show that, because the left and right slopes of high-speed railway subgrade are exposed to different amounts of solar radiation, which is the key factor causing uneven frost heaving of subgrade. Different strike angles cause changes in temperature of the subgrade’s upper part and the frost heaving amount on the surface, leading to differences in the deformation of the slab track structure: Increased strike angle weakens the rail level irregularity of the down line and marginally increases the rail level irregularity of the up line, and these become consistent in north-south directions. Therefore, when selecting railway lines in seasonal frozen areas, the west-east direction should be avoided to prevent the extremes in sunny-shady slopes effect on subgrades.

The slope of ground has a significant impact on the spread and burning process for spill fires on land. In this paper, a series of continuous spill fire experiments were conducted on a fireproof glass sheet with different slope angles (0.5°, 1°, 3°) to study the effects of slope on fuel spread and burning behaviors. The results show that the spread process can be divided into four phases based on time-dependent spread area. The maximum spread area and spread rate both increased greatly with increasing slope angle for a constant discharge rate, while the effect of slope on the steady burning area was only slight. The burning rate in the quasi-steady burning phase tends to be a little lower with increasing slope. It is proved that the burning rate at the quasi-steady burning phase is lower than that of pool fires under the same burning size and the corresponding ratio is close to 0.32, independent on the discharge rate and the slope angle. Then, a simple modification coefficient was introduced and a burning rate model of spill fires was developed, which provide a basis for liquid layer simulation under the burning conditions.

Global warming has intensified the climatic warming and moistening trend on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, threatening the thermal stability of railway subgrades in the plateau permafrost regions. However, previous studies have lacked systematic analyses that comprehensively consider the climate along the railway, permafrost conditions, and subgrade stability. Based on meteorological data and ground temperature monitoring data of permafrost subgrades along the railway, this paper comparatively analyzes the variations in air temperature, precipitation, annual mean ground temperature (AMGT) at natural sites, natural permafrost table (NPT), artificial permafrost table (APT), and settlement of the left and right shoulders of the subgrade along the railway. The results indicate that over the past 20 years, the annual mean air temperature and annual mean precipitation along the railway have increased by an average of 1.2°C and 80 mm, respectively. Compared with 2007, the AMGT of permafrost at natural sites along the railway increased by an average of 0.1°C in 2020, the NPT descended by an average of 0.58 m, while the APT was raised by an average of 2.34 m. The average settlement of the left shoulder is greater than that of the right shoulder, indicating the existence of a sunny‐shady slope effect. The state of the permafrost railway subgrade is generally stable, proving that a series of engineering protection measures adopted during construction and operation are effective. However, facing the intensifying trend of future climatic warming and moistening, it is necessary to research and reserve new, economical, and durable permafrost protection technologies in advance. The average cooling temperature of the evaporation section of the adsorption heat pipe is around −15°C, and the field test results are favorable. The subsequent all‐season cooling performance will be evaluated based on long‐term monitoring data.

The moral slippery slope effect refers to the phenomenon where, within groups or organizations, the incidence of individual unethical behaviors increases and escalates over time. To systematically identify factors that drive the disappearance of this effect, three studies were conducted using a 20‐round spontaneous deception task. Study 1 compared the trend of the moral slippery slope effect under accumulative versus non‐accumulative pay conditions. Results indicated that the moral slippery slope effect disappeared under accumulative pay but persisted under non‐accumulative pay. Studies 2 and 3 further examined the moderating role of pay satisfaction in the moral slippery slope effect, specifically under accumulative pay. Results revealed that pay satisfaction significantly moderated the relationship between experimental rounds and the moral slippery slope effect: the effect persisted when participants reported low pay satisfaction but disappeared when pay satisfaction was high. Collectively, these findings confirm two key conclusions: (1) accumulative pay is a necessary prerequisite for the disappearance of the moral slippery slope effect; (2) pay satisfaction moderates the disappearance of this effect under accumulative pay. This study provides empirical support for moral balance theory and offers practical implications for organizations: designing accumulative pay systems and aligning pay with employee expectations can effectively prevent moral decline by enhancing pay satisfaction.