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Traditional deformation monitoring suffers from issues such as the point-based representation of surfaces and low measurement efficiency. Moreover, the majority of researchers study the deformation of slopes using methods such as 3S technology, synthetic aperture radar interferometry, distributed fiber optic sensing technology, etc. Based on this, a slope stabilization structure deformation monitoring method based on 3D laser scanning technology is proposed. First, with the slope stabilization structure of Caihong Road as the engineering background, point cloud data of the slope stabilization structure is obtained using a Trimble SX10 device. Second, the point deformation, overall deformation, and line deformation of the two-phase slope stabilization structure point cloud data are analyzed. Finally, the measurement accuracy of the 3D laser scanning technology is evaluated. The results show that the deformation analysis of points, lines, and surfaces can complement each other, thereby comprehensively assessing the situation of slope stabilization structure deformation. Moreover, the maximum displacement value in the deformation of points, lines, and surfaces is 8.52 mm, which does not exceed the standard, and 93.61% of the point deformation is between −0.76~0.92 mm, indicating that the slope stabilization structure is in a safe and stable state. The independent sample t-test has a test statistic of t = 2.074, verifying that the 3D laser scanning technology and the total station measurement accuracy are highly consistent and can meet the needs of actual engineering. The results of this study can provide a reasonable theoretical and methodological reference for analyzing similar engineering deformation monitoring in the future.

Flexible facing systems, the main element of which is a pinned net, are widely used to stabilise ground layers on slopes. Today, this technique benefits from decades of successful experience. The optimisation of their design has motivated a great deal of research, based on experiments and numerical modelling, particularly in recent years. This literature review first gives a synthetic overview of the available analytical design methods, before presenting the various research studies that have been carried out on flexible facing systems. The response of flexible facing systems is then discussed in a didactic manner, focusing on the membrane and paying particular attention to the mechanisms and parameters that influence this response. The relevance of current practices in terms of component characterisation tests and analytical approaches to design is then discussed. Finally, the latest research is presented and the best design criteria are discussed.

Landslides are one of the most common natural disasters. Supporting structure plays an important role in landslide control. Slope stabilization with the application of anchor lattice beams has drawn considerable attention. However, existing structural design approaches tend to be conservative, and solutions for optimal anchor grid design are demanding. In this study, an object-oriented computer program was developed by using Python to optimize anchor lattice beam parameters in slope construction. The program utilized an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. It served as an efficient way to figure out the optimal parameter combination to enhance embankment construction design quality and safety. The PSO-based optimization demonstrated significant improvements in slope stability and safety, resulting in up to 30.5% average enhancement compared to non-optimized designs. Sensitivity analyses on the distance of the anchor, prestress, and angle of the anchor revealed the influence of each parameter on leading the way to appropriate anchorage conditions for anchor lattice beam support structures.

Peat is a problematic or weak soil derived from fossilized organic material. The characteristics of peat like low shear strength (3–16 kPa), high water holding capacity (up to 850%), high compressibility with an initial void ratio in the range of 5–15 and chances of decaying further as time passes makes it unsuitable for the foundation. Therefore, for any infrastructure development in peat, its stabilization is inevitable. The chemical stabilization includes the use of conventional binders like lime and cement and non-conventional binders like fly ash, rice husk ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and silica fume. Further, in conventional stabilization, an extra amount of stabilizer (5–10%) is required to compensate the high-water cement ratio responsible for producing a lot of heat of hydration, leading to the failure of soil and the structure built over it. However, the use of non-conventional binder from agricultural and industrial by-products can partially replace conventional binders in which hydration takes place gradually. These by-products can be further activated by the alkaline solution to form ‘geopolymer’, which has shown better mechanical strength, workability, durability and complete replacement of conventional binders in soil stabilization. Therefore, the use of geopolymer in peat stabilization would be a blessing towards sustainable development.

To explore the dynamic characteristics of crack formation in expansive soils slope, this paper conducted an indoor model test of the expansive soils slope with seven times of alternate drying and wetting. The 3D laser scanning and image processing techniques were adopted to extract the geometric features of crack development with the moisture absorption and desorption, and the real-time water content and matrix suction were monitored to investigate the dynamic crack formation mechanism of the expansive soil slope during the alternate drying and wetting. The results showed that (1) the crack formation in expansive soil slopes was closely related to the times of the alternate drying and wetting. Due to the moisture desorption, the slope surface was divided into several large blocks by the main cracks at the early stage, and the mechanical property of these blocks gradually degraded under the continued drying and wetting. As a result, the slope surface was further divided into more blocks by the Y-shaped, T-shaped, and arcuate cracks; (2) the crack rate, crack length, crack density, and crack network connectivity in expansive soil slopes all showed the trend of growth, stabilization, and continued growth, indicating apparent damage accumulation with the alternate drying and wetting; (3) the formation of primary cracks in expansive soil slopes was highly repetitive, while the location and orientation of secondary cracks varied with the alternation of drying and wetting, which intensified the anisotropy of the crack network; (4) the network cracks of expansive soil under the action of wet and dry cycles form a natural interception channel for rainfall runoff. Because of the swelling deformation induced by the moisture absorption and the fine particles transportation during the rain wash, the cracks will be closed to a certain extent. However, there would be existing lots of the residual cracks with the accumulated soil structure damage under the alternate drying and wetting. Thus, the surface soil gradually softened with the rainwater infiltration, and new cracks formed from the ends of the concentrated stress zone to deeper soil bodies and interconnected, all these accelerated the destabilization of the expansive soils slope.

Biocementation is an innovative and sustainable technique with wide-ranging applications in slope stabilization, watershed management, and erosion control. Despite its potential, comprehensive evaluations of its use in hydrology and geotechnical engineering are limited. This study addresses this gap through a bibliometric analysis of 685 articles (2013–2023) from the Scopus database, employing VOSviewer and RStudio to explore global research trends, key contributors, and emerging themes. The analysis reveals that China, the United States, and Japan are leading contributors to this field, with significant advancements in microbial-induced (MICP) and enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP) techniques. These methods have demonstrated effectiveness in improving soil strength, reducing erosion, and enhancing hydrological properties such as infiltration, runoff control, and water retention. Co-occurrence analysis identifies interdisciplinary connections between geotechnics and hydrology, highlighting research clusters focused on biomineralization, erosion resistance, and durability. The findings underscore biocementation’s pivotal role in addressing sustainability challenges by providing environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional soil stabilization techniques. This study not only maps the current research landscape but also offers valuable insights into the practical implications of biocementation for slope stability and hydrological management, laying the foundation for future advancements in sustainable engineering practices.

Composite anchors are special passive sub-horizontal reinforcements recently developed for remediation of unstable slopes. They are composed of a hollow steel bar, installed by a self-drilling technique in the soil, coupled with tendons cemented in the inner hole to increase the global anchor tensile strength. The anchors are primarily intended to stabilise medium to deep landslides, both in soils or weathered rock masses. Among the valuable advantages of composite anchors are their low cost, ease of installation, and flexibility in execution, as testified by a rapid increase in their use in recent years. The bond strength at the soil-anchor interface is the main parameter for both the design of these reinforcements and the evaluation of their long-term effects for landslide stabilisation. After a brief description of the composite anchor technology, this paper presents a novel methodology for monitoring the strain and stress accumulated in the anchors over time when installed in an unstable slope. The new monitoring system is composed of a distributed fibre optic sensing system, exploiting the optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique, to measure the strain exerted on the optical fibre cable embedded with the tendons inside the bar. The system permits an evaluation of the axial force distribution in the anchor and the soil-anchor interface actions with a spatial resolution of up to some millimetres. Therefore, it allows determination of the stabilising capability associated with the specific hydrogeological conditions of the site. Furthermore, upon an extensive validation, the system may become part of a standard practice to be applied in this type of intervention, aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the anchor installation and its evolution over time.

Slope instability is a common geotechnical issue in South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. The network of rural roads constructed and maintained by the local authority are greatly affected by the instability. An integrated slope-stabilisation system that combines two well-developed slope stabilisation methods has been used widely in this district. These two methods are gabion-faced geogrid-reinforced retaining wall and pile retaining structures. These two methods are connected by a steel rail that is welded at the top of the piles to buttress the lowest row of the gabion basket wall. In order to reflect the site conditions accurately, a three-dimensional non-linear finite element approach is adopted in this study. The elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive model with the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion is used to describe the behaviour of the soil and the gabion basket. With the assistance of the shear strength reduction technique, the effectiveness of the integrated system is demonstrated through the comparison of the representative indicators of the slope stability among various slope configurations. A series of parametric studies related to the ratio of the embedded length of geogrid to the height of the slope, the ratio of the embedded length of the pile to the thickness of the unstable soil layer, and the ratio of the spacing to the diameter of the pile have also been conducted for the purpose of optimising this slope stabilisation infrastructure. The results from the parametric studies indicate that the optimised and improved integrated infrastructure can stabilise the road and slope economically without the loss of the safety margin.

For improving the stability and load carrying capacity of weak subgrade, strengthening methods are to be followed in the field. Among the various approaches, geocells have been identified as an effective soil reinforcement technique for improving soft subgrade behaviour. The three-dimensional honeycomb structure of geocell offers more lateral confinement to the infill soil resulting in improved load carrying capacity. This led to the widespread use of geocells for different geotechnical applications like pavements, foundations, embankments, slope protection, erosion control etc. Many researchers in the past have confirmed the suitability of geocell reinforcement through their experimental, numerical and field studies. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the reinforcement mechanisms, design aspect and numerical modelling techniques of geocell reinforced soil is provided. In addition, this paper highlights the various field application scenarios where different types of geocells have been used and explores the research challenges and scope for further research in this field.

Soil nailing is a versatile construction technique used for retaining structures, offshore structures, structures rehabilitation, and stabilizing natural as well as man-made earth slopes. This method was initially evolved in Europe and recognized in various provinces. This research investigates the relationship between uniform vertical and uniform horizontal loading on soil slopes to gain new insights into the effectiveness of soil nailing in stabilizing earth slopes. This study used a novel numerical investigation to determine the maximum factor of safety (FOS) at various nail inclinations of 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25° with the horizontal plane. To evaluate the effectiveness of the soil nail system for slope stabilization, the study considered significant limiting factors by using the limit state design (LSD) approach. In addition, the numerical method for identifying slope displacement, mathematical modelling for identifying nail displacement within soil slope, and experimental investigation in the laboratory were carried out in this study. The investigation's findings show that soil nailing is the more effective technique for slope stabilization. The 15° nail inclination with the horizontal plane produced the best results in terms of stability and FOS. Furthermore, considering the critical limiting factors, an inclination of 15° for soil nails exhibits optimal effectiveness in strengthening the stability of a vertical cut soil slope. This inclination angle allows for efficient load transfer and distribution and decreases the risk of slope failure. Overall, the 15° nail inclination with the horizontal plane provides valuable insights and an increased FOS.