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Seed respiration is closely related to seed vigor, but the relationship between the two remains unclear. To illustrate the above relations, we selected three varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds with different gradients of vigor obtained by natural harvesting. The CO2 generated in the seed respiration process was monitored in real time using self-developed seed respiration detection system based on TDLAS and the vigor indexes were obtained by standard germination tests. We then analyzed the correlation between seed respiration and vigor indexes. The experimental results showed that (1) based on an assessment of five soaking times of 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h, the optimum soaking time was 36 h for the tested seeds; (2) the curves of rice seed respiration intensity at different harvest periods all showed an “S” shape while the respiration rate curves presented an inverted “U” shape; (3) within the 4th to the 9th hour, the correlation between the seed respiration intensity and the germination rate, germination potential, germination index of three varieties was greater than 0.71, 0.76, 0.91; 0.71, 0.63, 0.67; 0.76, 0.84, 0.73 respectively. (4) within the 3th to the 7th hour, the correlation between seed respiration rate and germination rate, germination potential, germination index of three varieties was greater than 0.73, 0.60, 0.80; 0.71, 0.74, 0.71; 0.85, 0.74, 0.81 respectively. These results indicated that respiration intensity and respiration rate can be recommended as efficient indicators for screening rice seeds with high vigor. RESUMO: A respiração de sementes está intimamente relacionada com o vigor das mesmas, mas a relação entre os dois ainda não está clara. Para ilustrar essas relações, selecionamos três variedades de sementes de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) com diferentes níveis de vigor obtidos através de colheita natural. CO2 gerado no processo de respiração das sementes foi monitorado em tempo real usando um sistema de detecção de respiração de sementes desenvolvido internamente, baseado em TDLAS, e os índices de vigor foram obtidos através de testes padronizados de germinação. Em seguida, analisamos a correlação entre a respiração das sementes e os índices de vigor. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que: (1) com base na avaliação de cinco tempos de embebição de 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h e 48 h, o tempo ótimo de embebição foi de 36 h para as sementes testadas; (2) todas as curvas de intensidade de respiração de sementes de arroz em diferentes períodos de colheita mostraram uma forma “S”, enquanto as curvas de taxa de respiração apresentaram uma forma de “U” invertido; (3) entre a 4ª e a 9ª hora, a correlação entre a intensidade de respiração das sementes e a taxa de germinação, potencial de germinação e índice de germinação das três variedades foi superior a 0,71, 0,76, 0,91; 0,71, 0,63, 0,67; 0,76, 0,84, 0,73, respectivamente. (4) entre a 3ª e a 7ª hora, a correlação entre a taxa de respiração das sementes e a taxa de germinação, potencial de germinação e índice de germinação das três variedades foi superior a 0,73, 0,60, 0,80; 0,71, 0,74, 0,71; 0,85, 0,74, 0,81, respectivamente. Esses resultados indicam que a intensidade e a taxa de respiração podem ser recomendadas como indicadores eficientes para a seleção de sementes de arroz com alto vigor.

In order to determine the influence of different factors on the CO 2 huff-and-puff displacement effect, a CO 2 huff-and-puff experiment was carried out with Chang 6 tight sandstone samples in Ordos Basin as the research object. Combined with nuclear magnetic resonance technology, the influences of injection pressure, cycle numbers and soaking time on the CO 2 huff-and-puff effect were evaluated, and the optimal CO 2 huff-and-puff parameters were optimized. The microscopic degree of crude oil production in different scale pores was quantitatively characterized. The results show that the injection pressure and the cycle numbers have a significant influence on the effect of CO 2 huff-and-puff. With the increase of injection pressure, huff-and-puff cycle numbers and soaking time, the recovery efficiency increases, but the growth range decreases. When the injection pressure is increased from 6 to 12MPa, the degree of pore mobilization in the oil in macro and medium pores (≥ 10ms) increases by 13.0%-22.63%. The recovery efficiency of a single round gradually decreased with the increase of huff-and-puff rounds. The first cycle of CO 2 huff-and-puff was the main contribution of crude oil recovery. However, the production effect of micro and small pores (< 10ms) was significantly improved after multiple cycle numbers of CO 2 huff-and-puff. When the soaking time increases from 6 to 24h, the recovery efficiency increases by 11.47%-14.93%. After that, the influence of prolonged soaking time on the porosity production degree of cores with different permeability decreases. It is found that medium pores and macro pores are the main contributors to pore mobilization during multiple cycles of CO 2 huff-and-puff.

Moisture significantly affects the mechanical behavior of gas shale and further determines the hydraulic fracturing performance, as it is more attractive. Nevertheless, batch experiments have usually involved variable methodologies regarding the preparation of moisture-contained shale specimens in the sequence (and/or frequency) of drying and soaking treatments. Accordingly, this work investigates how the preparation methodology influences the test results of moisture-contained shale samples. This study compares three commonly used shale sample preparation strategies for acquiring different moisture contents, that is, “dry-wet”, “dry-wet-dry”, and “wet-dry-wet” strategies, followed by a Brazilian splitting test for the mechanical parameters. The results show that under the same saturation conditions, the longer the soaking time during sample preparation, the higher the degradation degree of shale tensile strength. Meanwhile, prolonged soaking can lead to a more discrete distribution of strength values, and the failure mode may deviate from the Brazilian splitting theory model. Under the combined influence of moisture content and soaking time, the tensile strength of shale decreases approximately linearly with increasing saturation, while the degradation degree increases nonlinearly with increasing saturation, and the degradation rate changes from slow to fast. According to the observation of the microstructure of hydrated shale, prolonged soaking can lead to an increase in the expansion of clay minerals in shale by hydration, resulting in looser and more fragmented internal structure, and further degradation in shale strength. In order to weaken the interference of hydration when studying the effect of moisture content on the tensile strength of shale, the soaking time should be minimized as much as possible during the preparation process.

There is no consensus on which hydration stoppage method is optimal to preserve the microstructure and mineral composition of samples, especially considering the specific aspects of different testing methods, such as TGA, MIP, or XRD. This paper presents a quantitative comparison between the most popular hydration stoppage strategies and parameters such as the sample piece size, the soaking time in a solvent, and the type, as examined on cement paste hydrated for 7 days. It was found that the carbonation appears either for samples smaller than 2.36 mm and bigger than 4.75 mm or samples soaked in a solvent for longer than 1 h. Fast solvent replacement leads to ettringite diminution and total pore volume increase. Among others, solvent replacement with subsequent gentle heating under a vacuum was found to be the most efficient, whereas it was experimentally demonstrated that isopropyl alcohol stops hydration faster than ethanol and acetone.

To investigate factors influencing the seed germination of Sichuan pepper ( Zanthoxylum armatum DC.) and determine the optimal germination method, this study used an L 16 (4 3 ) orthogonal test. The effects of compound treatments, including 2.5% sodium carbonate degreasing time, indole acetic acid (IAA) concentration, and IAA soaking time on seed germination were examined. The results indicated that 2.5% sodium carbonate degreasing time was the primary factor affecting the germination rate and vigor index of the seeds. IAA concentration primarily affected the germination index and the duration of germination, whereas IAA soaking time primarily influenced the time lag of germination. In addition, the 2.5% sodium carbonate degreasing time had a significant effect on the germination rate; IAA concentration significantly impacted the germination index; and IAA soaking time had a significant effect on both the germination index and the time lag of germination. Through the analysis and evaluation of the membership function, the optimal treatment combinations for seed germination were determined to be a 24-hour degreasing time with 2.5% sodium carbonate, an IAA concentration of 200 mg·L −1 , and an IAA soaking time of 12 hours. This study provides a valuable reference for the future propagation of Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

One of the solutions to increase children's energy intake is the use of amylase-rich flours. This led us to optimize the fluidification capacity of two paddy rice varieties. For that, the Doehlert plane-type response surface methodology was used to optimize the germinating ability of paddy rice flour (varieties Nerica 3 and Nerica L56) to fluidize cassava-based gruels by using two factors: soaking and germination time. The evaluated response was the flow velocity of the gruels. The optimization result showed that, the optimal soaking time was 48 h for the variety Nerica L56 and 12 h for Nerica 3. Concerning the optimal germination time, it was 135 h for both varieties. These conditions have been found to have the best fluidifying capacities for cassava flour-based gruels. The incorporation of 3 g germinated paddy rice flour (Nerica L56 and Nerica 3) and at optimal conditions, allowed us to obtain high flow velocities of the gruels. They were 100.00 mm/30 s and 210.66 mm/30 s respectively for the varieties Nerica L56 and Nerica 3. These flow velocities were similar to the flow velocities predicted by the model for desirabilities of 0.99 and 1.00. In view of all these results, we could therefore recommend the use of these two varieties of rice produced under these conditions to improving flow velocities, dry matter concentrations and energy bulk of the gruels.Graphic abstract

The green husk coir fibres were treated with different levels of soaking time and concentration of alkali solution. As a result of alkali treatment, the surface modifications were done on the fibre surface and were studied using scanning electron micrographs. The coir–polyester composites were fabricated using hand lay up process and the mechanical properties (tensile, flexural and impact strength) were evaluated as per ASTM standards. The effect of soaking time and concentration of NaOH solution were studied based on evaluated values of mechanical properties to find out optimum fibre treatment parameters.

One of the main oil palm seed dormancy factors is the shell thickness. This could influence the germination homogeneity and required more time for oil palm seeds to germinate evenly. There will be such alternatives to improve oil palm seed germination as shell-less oil palm seeds or kernels which were soaked at different duration time and GA 3 concentration. The objectives of this research was to evaluate germination rate of kernels under different soaking time and GA 3 concentration. This study was conducted on Laboratory Plants Seed and Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Lampung from June 2019 to September 2019. Treatment was arranged by factorial (6x3) in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The first factors were the six different concentrations of GA 3 hormones as 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. The second factors were the three different soaking duration as 3, 7, and 10 days. The variables observed were the percentage of germination, the maximum growth potential, early time of germination, germination rate, dormancy intensity, radicle and plumule lengths. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and then different mean values of treatments were analyzed by 5% of LSD using the SAS software application (version 9.4). The results showed that the concentration of 200 ppm GA3 resulting in low dormancy intensity (12.22%), increasing potency maximum growth (87.78%), and kernels germination rate (8.44%/etmal) compared with a concentration of 0 ppm GA 3 . Soaking duration of GA 3 10 days resulted in low dormancy intensity (17.22%), the percentage of germination increased (23.33%), the maximum growth potential increased (78.89%), the kernel germination rate (8.94%/etmal), radicle length (2.00cm), plumule length (1.92cm), and early time of germination (4.61days) compared to the length of soaking duration of 3 days.

Regulation on one-dimensional growth has been a major challenge for the preparation of high quality zirconia whiskers. In the present work, high-aspect ratio zirconia whiskers were successfully synthesized via molten salt method. The effect of soaking time on the aspect ratio and growth behaviour of zirconia whiskers was studied. The results suggested that the average aspect ratio of zirconia whiskers reached to 42 at 15 h. The zirconia whiskers grew along [100] direction. The entire process can be divided into an initial slow stage, a rapid growth stage and a declining stage. The dissolution–precipitation of Na 9-4 x Zr x (PO 4 ) 3 is the key factor in the initial slow stage. The rapid growth stage of zirconia whiskers is highly dependent on the directional adsorption of F − and screw dislocation step. In the declining stage, the drastic transformation of whiskers morphology from fibrous shape to rod-like and granular ones is caused by excessive volatilization of Na 3 PO 4 ·12H 2 O and NaF molten salts.

The WieZhou12 oilfield (also known as WZ12 oilfield, the same below) is in urgent need of development using large-scale volumetric fracturing technology since it is a typical complex fault-block oilfield with low porosity, low permeability, and no natural production capacity. To study the fracturing measures with surfactants in offshore oilfields like WZ12, the surfactant fracturing fluid types were experimentally selected based on their effect of decreasing interfacial tension and enhancing matrix wettability. The water cut law and oil displacement efficiency in displacement experiments were also analyzed, according to surfactant type and fluid characteristics. Next, using the numerical simulation software CMG, the study completed the integrated simulation of volumetric fracturing in the “injection–soaking–flowback” process. Finally, some critical parameters were optimized for the block model, including the quantity of injected fluids, the soaking time, and the rate of fluid flowback. The results showed that the most suitable surfactant was 0.5% ammonium lauryl polyether sulfate (ALES), which had a low interfacial tension of 1.7 × 10−2 mN/m, a contact angle of 20.071° with the core, and a 52% oil displacement efficiency. From the simulations, the suggested production parameters for energy storage fracturing are as follows: a daily injection volume of 600 m3/d, a soaking time of 25 days post fracturing, and a fluid production rate of 270 m3/d. The findings of this study establish a significant theoretical foundation for optimizing surfactant type and provide construction advice for the integrated measure of fracturing, well shut-in, and production in offshore oilfields.