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Assessment of solar energy potential for Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia
The world’s energy consumption is being replaced by renewable energies in large part because of the depletion of fossil fuels and the acceleration of environmental change. This study reports the amount of inward solar radiation in the date range from January 2018 to December 2022 in the Gregorian Calendar for certain areas in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: 37°E and 11.6°N. On the horizontal surface of the case area, the month with the highest global radiation (monthly average daily) is March, at approximately 42.56 MJ/m
2
. day; June has the lowest diffuse radiation, at 16.2 MJ/m
2
.day. Furthermore, April had the most global radiation (monthly average hourly) on the horizontal surface, measuring 9.09 MJ/m2.hour, while June had the lowest diffuse radiation, measuring 2.3 MJ/m2.hour. In addition, this study predicts the beam, diffuse, and total radiation on the tilted collector using the total available horizontal radiation on a monthly and hourly basis. According to the research, the output of the radiation on the tilted surface towards the equator in the northern hemisphere, azimuth angle, γ = 0°, shows that the highest possible total radiation (monthly average daily) is 48.3 MJ/m
2
. day (January) and the highest possible total radiation (monthly average hourly) in February, 9.14 MJ/m
2
.hour at 1:00 p.m.
Journal Article
Sun, wind, and light: architectural design strategies
\"This fully updated Third Edition covers principles of designing buildings that use the sun for heating, wind for cooling, and daylight for natural lighting. Using hundreds of illustrations and companion CD-ROM, this book offers practical strategies that give the designer the tools they need to make energy efficient buildings\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Engineering the climate
Engineering the Climate: The Ethics of Solar Radiation Management discusses the ethical issues associated with deliberately engineering a cooler climate to combat global warming. Climate engineering (also known as geoengineering) has recently experienced a surge of interest given the growing likelihood that the global community will fail to limit the temperature increases associated with greenhouse gases to safe levels. Deliberate manipulation of solar radiation to combat climate change is an exciting and hopeful technical prospect, promising great benefits to those who are in line to suffer most through climate change. At the same time, the prospect of geoengineering creates huge controversy. Taking intentional control of earth’s climate would be an unprecedented step in environmental management, raising a number of difficult ethical questions. One particular form of geoengineering, solar radiation management (SRM), is known to be relatively cheap and capable of bringing down global temperatures very rapidly. However, the complexity of the climate system creates considerable uncertainty about the precise nature of SRM’s effects in different regions. The ethical issues raised by the prospect of SRM are both complex and thorny. They include: 1) the uncertainty of SRM’s effects on precipitation patterns, 2) the challenge of proper global participation in decision-making, 3) the legitimacy of intentionally manipulating the global climate system in the first place, 4) the potential to sidestep the issue of dealing with greenhouse gas emissions, and, 5) the lasting effects on future generations. It has been widely acknowledged that a sustained and scholarly treatment of the ethics of SRM is necessary before it will be possible to make fair and just decisions about whether (or how) to proceed. This book, including essays by 13 experts in the field of ethics of geoengineering, is intended to go some distance towards providing that treatment.
eBook
Solar-Cycle Variability Results from the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) Mission
The
Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment
(SORCE) was a NASA mission that operated from 2003 to 2020 to provide key climate-monitoring measurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) and solar spectral irradiance (SSI). This 17-year mission made TSI and SSI observations during the declining phase of Solar Cycle 23, during all of Solar Cycle 24, and at the very beginning of Solar Cycle 25. The SORCE solar-variability results include comparisons of the solar irradiance observed during Solar Cycles 23 and 24 and the solar-cycle minima levels in 2008 – 2009 and 2019 – 2020. The differences between these two minima are very small and are not significantly above the estimate of instrument stability over the 11-year period. There are differences in the SSI variability for Solar Cycles 23 and 24, notably for wavelengths longer than 250 nm. Consistency comparisons with SORCE variability on solar-rotation timescales and solar-irradiance model predictions suggest that the SORCE Solar Cycle 24 SSI results might be more accurate than the SORCE Solar Cycle 23 results. The SORCE solar-variability results have been useful for many Sun–climate studies and will continue to serve as a reference for comparisons with future missions studying solar variability.
Journal Article
CODE’s new solar radiation pressure model for GNSS orbit determination
The Empirical CODE Orbit Model (ECOM) of the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), which was developed in the early 1990s, is widely used in the International GNSS Service (IGS) community. For a rather long time, spurious spectral lines are known to exist in geophysical parameters, in particular in the Earth Rotation Parameters (ERPs) and in the estimated geocenter coordinates, which could recently be attributed to the ECOM. These effects grew creepingly with the increasing influence of the GLONASS system in recent years in the CODE analysis, which is based on a rigorous combination of GPS and GLONASS since May 2003. In a first step we show that the problems associated with the ECOM are to the largest extent caused by the GLONASS, which was reaching full deployment by the end of 2011. GPS-only, GLONASS-only, and combined GPS/GLONASS solutions using the observations in the years 2009–2011 of a global network of 92 combined GPS/GLONASS receivers were analyzed for this purpose. In a second step we review direct solar radiation pressure (SRP) models for GNSS satellites. We demonstrate that only even-order short-period harmonic perturbations acting along the direction Sun-satellite occur for GPS and GLONASS satellites, and only odd-order perturbations acting along the direction perpendicular to both, the vector Sun-satellite and the spacecraft’s solar panel axis. Based on this insight we assess in the third step the performance of four candidate orbit models for the future ECOM. The geocenter coordinates, the ERP differences w. r. t. the IERS 08 C04 series of ERPs, the misclosures for the midnight epochs of the daily orbital arcs, and scale parameters of Helmert transformations for station coordinates serve as quality criteria. The old and updated ECOM are validated in addition with satellite laser ranging (SLR) observations and by comparing the orbits to those of the IGS and other analysis centers. Based on all tests, we present a new extended ECOM which substantially reduces the spurious signals in the geocenter coordinate
z
(by about a factor of 2–6), reduces the orbit misclosures at the day boundaries by about 10 %, slightly improves the consistency of the estimated ERPs with those of the IERS 08 C04 Earth rotation series, and substantially reduces the systematics in the SLR validation of the GNSS orbits.
Journal Article
Clustered ANFIS network using fuzzy c-means, subtractive clustering, and grid partitioning for hourly solar radiation forecasting
In this paper, an improved clustered adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to forecast an hour-ahead solar radiation data for 915 h is introduced. First, we have classified the history data of solar radiation time series to decrease the input sample size using clustering methods. Three methods are used, namely, fuzzy c-means (FCM), subtractive clustering, and grid partitioning. These methods allow classifying the input data into groups; each group has similar properties that help to understand the correlation between the data and by consequence simplify the forecasting process. Second, we designed an ANFIS structure that takes both advantages of fuzzy theory to describe the uncertain phenomena of the data and artificial neural network algorithm, which has a self-learning ability. Finally, by combining clustered data and ANFIS model, an hour-ahead forecasting is achieved, and it was validated using measured data. The advantage of the proposed method is that provides the ability to use implicitly the information associated with the forecasting problem, without a priori knowledge of the relationships between the different variables solar radiation. The comparison results show that the ANFIS with FCM clustering model gives the best results with RMSE equals to 112 W/m2 and high values of FS.
Journal Article
Evaluation and estimation of daily global solar radiation from the estimated direct and diffuse solar radiation
There are various empirical models used in the estimation of global solar radiation; however, knowledge of direct and diffuse solar radiation is insufficient. Global solar radiation is the sum of direct and diffuse solar radiation, and a method that calculates global solar radiation from the estimated direct and diffuse solar radiation was further proposed in this study. The observed daily solar radiation and meteorological data from 97 stations during 1993–2016 were used for the analysis, and the results indicated that the concave-shaped relationship with relative sunshine duration was more obvious for direct solar radiation than for global solar radiation, while an inverted u-shaped relationship was found for diffuse solar radiation. Generally, the performances of empirical models in estimating direct and diffuse solar radiation were worse than the estimation of global solar radiation. However, because the bias of estimated direct and diffuse solar radiation was partially offset, the results in this study indicated that global solar radiation can be better calculated from the estimated direct and diffuse solar radiation when compared with the best performed empirical model, especially in data-scarce regions. The results of this study will aid in better estimations and understanding of the variations in global solar radiation, as well as direct and diffuse solar radiation.
Journal Article
Statistical study of global solar radiation in the Algerian desert: a case study of Adrar town
This study examined the surface global solar irradiation variability in the southern Algerian region, with regard to the regional climatic and environmental features. The statistical analysis used ground data acquired in measurement stations operated by a technical platoon of meteorologists and physicists at the Renewable Energy Research Unit in the Saharan Environment (URER/MS). A graphical statistical analysis of long-term solar irradiance data is performed using appropriate visualizations, such as time series plots, box plots, and histograms. The data used is that of the decade (2011–2020), and the analysis is extended to the last 30 years (1990–2020) based on solar radiation data handed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The present study takes advantage of a unique and high-quality dataset consisting of 10 years of concurrent records of global solar irradiation in the South Algerian region. The results of this study pointed out a remarkable variability in seasonal and annual scales and confirmed that this region has enormous solar energy potentiality, where the average periodic diurnal energy for global solar radiation measured on a horizontal plane exceeds 6.16 kWh/m
2
/day and an additive total energy of 2. 2 MWh/m
2
/time on average.
Journal Article
Mapping Solar Global Radiation and Beam Radiation in Taiwan
Data for solar radiation resources play a pivotal role in assessing the energy yield capability of solar applications. A nationwide database for the typical meteorological year from the 30 weather stations of the Central Weather Bureau (CWB) in Taiwan is used to determine the spatial distribution of global radiation over the terrain of Taiwan. There is no available beam radiation information in daily reports from all CWB stations. Information on the diffuse fraction for all CWB stations is estimated using three available correlation models that account for topographical and geographical effects in Taiwan. The databases for beam radiation are generated using these estimated diffuse fractions. The mappings of global and beam radiation on the Taiwanese mainland are performed with databases from 24 CWB stations using the residual kriging method. There are no mappings of the remote islands, where six CWB stations are located. The databases for global and beam radiation for these six CWB stations are applied to nearby remote islands. The effects of topography and geography on the distributions of global and beam radiation are discussed. The spatial distributions of solar radiation presented are good scientific references for assessing the performances of solar energy systems in Taiwan.
Journal Article