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This chapter contains sections titled: Black Mask and Early Hard‐Boiled Crime Fiction Postwar America and the Paperback Revolution Some Contemporary Transformations References and Further Reading

Changes in modern technologies have led to a decrease in the role of oil and threaten the well-being of oil-exporting countries. The oil and gas industry is the leading one in the economy of Kazakhstan, and the future of the country depends on its development. The purpose of the presented research is to determine the long-term image of the future oil and gas industry and develop a strategy for the government and national companies in different spheres for actions in conditions of increasing uncertainty. The article presents the materials of an expert survey using the Delphi method (211 industry experts) and a group discussion during a foresight session (75 participants), in which the authors provided methodological support and practical participation. The top nine development trends have been identified, the majority of experts (about 90%) see the future of the industry as the development of unmanned production based on digital management and an increase in environmental requirements (85%). The author’s methodology is based on a pragmatic approach to conducting an industry technological foresight in the medium term. The visionary image of the development of the oil and gas industry is built on the basis of the possibilities of technological breakthroughs. The refined image was formed as a response to the challenges of the external environment on the principle of the “Most Advanced, Yet Acceptable”. The main characteristic of the future of the oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan is a deserted production, where the production process is fully automated and robotic. Risks of oil and gas industry development are critical for the entire economy of Kazakhstan, so plans based on industry foresight projections to prevent them are a national priority.

El artículo se propone problematizar el proceso de transformaciones del trabajo contemporáneo en Chile. Se describen tres experiencias desde las clínicas del trabajo (educacional, psicosocial y socioanálisis) en diferentes escenarios laborales. A su vez, se realiza una reflexión sobre la pertinencia de la clínica del trabajo como forma de intervención para contribuir a la comprensión de los procesos subjetivos de los trabajadores, en su dimensión individual, grupal y política. O artigo propõe-se problematizar o processo de transformações do trabalho contemporâneo no Chile. Três experiências são descritas a partir de estudos desenvolvidas na perspetiva das clínicas do trabalho (educacional, psicossocial e socioanálise) em diferentes cenários de trabalho. A seguir, faz-se uma reflexão sobre a relevância da abordagem da clínica do trabalho como forma de intervenção que contribui para a compreensão dos processos subjetivos dos trabalhadores, nas suas dimensões individual, grupal e política. L'article propose une problématisation du processus de transformation du travail contemporain au Chili. Trois expériences sont décrites au départ d’études menées selon la perspective des cliniques de travail (éducatives, psychosociales et socio-analytiques) dans différents scénarios de travail. Une réflexion est menée ensuite à propos de la pertinence de l’approche de la clinique du travail, définie en tant que mode d’intervention contribuant à la compréhension des processus subjectifs des travailleurs, dans leur dimension individuelle, de groupe et politique. The paper aims at problematizing the process of contemporary work transformations in Chile. Three experiences are described from a clinical point of view (pedagogical, psychosocial and socio-analytical) in different work scenarios. Then, it reflects on the relevance of the clinical approach as a form of intervention, which contributes to the understanding of the workers’ subjective processes, in their individual, group and political dimensions.

Autorka podejmuje problematykę dotyczącą zjawiska dobrowolnej bezdzietności w Polsce. Przedstawia wyniki badań własnych stanowiących część szerszych analiz dotyczących zagadnienia intencjonalnej bezdzietności. Problematyka relacjonowana w niniejszym tekście koncentruje się na przyczynach niepodejmowania roli rodzicielskiej przez mężczyzn. Część pierwsza tekstu obejmuje społeczno-kulturowy kontekst w badaniach nad dobrowolną bezdzietnością, część druga zawiera prezentację wyników badań jakościowych, realizowanych m.in. techniką wywiadu grupowego i indywidualnego z dobrowolnie bezdzietnymi mężczyznami. Ukazuje przyczyny niepodejmowania roli rodzicielskiej przez mężczyzn oraz typy męskiej bezdzietności z wyboru.

The new urban features are not easily identifiable and cannot be easily represented through traditional cartography and tools of representation. In order to explain such new sites and give new terms, several researchers have tested new methodologies, maps, multimedia images, hypertext and software that can render this com- plexity and permit readability. Starting from those premises, the aim of this study, carried out in the framework of a convention between Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and Dipartimento di Progettazione Urbana e di Urbanistica, Università di Napoli Federico II, is to illustrate new methodological approaches for analysing and representing contemporary urban landscapes. In particular, in the context of the complex–sensitive approach and PlaceMaker method of analysis, a new software tool, currently under development, is presented. The PlaceMaker method identifies the elements of the urban landscape which contribute to the identification of places and are able to influence the cultural and sustainable city construction; such elements and the complexity of the places are represented in a complex map. Experimentation of the method has shown the necessity of the proposed PlaceMaker software tool, which is able to support the collection and management of a multimedia database, the implementation of the phases of PlaceMaker method, the construction of the interactive complex map, and the calculation of indices useful for the project of sustainable urban landscapes.

Firstly, this paper intends to analyze the kind of relationships existing inside a family. In order to do that, the author makes an effort to reconsider its historical forming process applying classical anthropological texts. At this stage, the analysis proposes two different types of relationships between human beings: the primal, which arose from the most elementary feelings of love, protection, accompaniment and a strictly social relation rose from needs of cooperation and collective work. Family is an expression of both kinds of relationships. Secondly, this work analyzes nuclear family as a result of a historical process associated with the development of capital and social conditions, which make its consolidation possible. Thirdly, the author proposes a discussion about crisis of nuclear family under the contemporary global transformation perspective of capital accumulation. As a conclusion, it describes some reflections on perspectives that those transformations brought to the role of the family. En premier lieu, ce texte a pour but d'analyser le type de relations existant au sein de la famille. Pour ce faire, l'auteur prend en considération son processus de formation historique en utilisant des textes anthropologiques classiques. L'analyse propose donc deux différents types de rapports chez les êtres humains : celui que l'on appelle primaire, découlant des sentiments d'amour, de protection, de soutien les plus élémentaires ; celui qui est essentiellement social provenant des besoins de coopération et de travail collectif. La famille est l'expression de ces deux types de relation. En deuxième lieu, ce travail analyse la famille nucléaire en tant que résultat d'un processus historique associé au développement du capital et aux conditions sociales qui ont rendu possible sa consolidation. En troisième lieu, l'auteur propose le débat sur la crise de la famille nucléaire sous l'optique des transformations globales contemporaines en ce qui concerne l'accumulation du capital. En guise de conclusion : des réflexions sur les perspectives que ces transformations suggèrent pour le rôle de la famille. En primer lugar, este texto tiene como objetivo analizar los tipos de relaciones que existen en la familia. De esa manera, el autor considera su proceso de formación histórico utilizando textos antropológicos clásicos. El análisis propone dos tipos distintos de relaciones entre los seres humanos: el tipo primario, proveniente de los sentimientos más primarios de amor, de protección, de apoyo; y el tipo esencialmente social proveniente de las necesidades de cooperación y de trabajo colectivo. La familia es la expresión de esos dos tipos de relación. En segundo lugar, este estudio analiza la familia nuclear como resultado de un proceso histórico relacionado con el desarrollo del capital y con las condiciones sociales que permitieron su consolidación. En tercer lugar, el autor propone el debate acerca de la crisis de la familia nuclear desde la óptica de las transformaciones globales contemporáneas referentes a la acumulación del capital. En conclusión: reflexiones sobre las perspectivas que esas transformaciones sugieren para el papel de la familia.

The Buryats of Tory speak of an original homeland in Mongolia, from which they were driven northwards some centuries ago, and signs and prophesies indicate that they are destined to return there soon. The 'promised land' will be reached with great difficulties in three waves preceded by cataclysms, such as the flooding together of the Baikal and Khuvsugul 'seas' presaging the end of the world. These millenarian ideas are linked to current economic and political crises by fears of loss of Buryat lands, the association between land and sacred powers, and experiences of Russian persecution and enroachment. Stroganova argues that the millenarian myths express a striving for national regeneration in the face of current political disunity and uncertainty.

This paper considers whether Tory in Buryatia can survive as a community. It is argued that Tory came to be a unified community under the Soviet regime from the 1930s onwards. As Soviet institutions strengthened, the earlier Buryat society lost its integrity and came to consists of familial groups isolated from and opposed to public life, yet economically dependent on the collective farm. With the 1990s outside support was withdrawn from the collective farm. There is a real possibility that if it collapses altogether, the household economies will collapse with it. It is argued that a large proportion of people in the village have become psychologically accustomed to dependency on the state and may be incapable of self-reliance. Meanwhile, the young generation is oriented to urban and outside culture and may drop out of any process of village adaptation to the new economic conditions.

Agricultural reforms in the village of Tory have resulted in three types of 'private farms': first, a 'top-down' measure to demonstrate accordance with government policy created well-supplied private farms for the village elite; second, the people who became farmers later did so without start-up capital or support from the administration and are now struggling; and third, there is a large number of 'private farms' which do not engage in farming and use the label as a front for carrying out business. Manzanova demonstrates why support for private farms has declined during the 1990s, and she shows how Buryats have a distinctive set of attitudes related to their historical way of life and values.