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This chapter first recounts the New Model Army's unpromising start—political infighting, poor strategy, and administrative delay. Parliament's fortunes were at their lowest ebb since 1643. The chapter then follows how Sir Thomas Fairfax's Council of War chose this juncture to urge that Oliver Cromwell be nominated to the vacant lieutenant-generalship of the cavalry. The Commons—though not the Lords—quickly agreed to the request, a mere four days before battle was joined at Naseby. The chapter then narrates the contemporary narratives of the battle of Naseby and the central role of Fairfax and Cromwell. It also discusses the south-western campaign and summer campaign. The chapter then assesses the major conquests of the New Model and royalist resistance: Bridgwater, Bath, Sherborne, Bristol, Basing, Tiverton, Dartmouth and Torrington. It considers one major fortress in royalist hands: Oxford.

This article explores the communicative acts employed in the creation of HIV/AIDS posters which focus on people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and their relatives/friends and investigates the generic structure of these posters. Van Leeuwen's multimodal communicative acts and Yuen's Generic Structure Potential of printed advertisements serve as the theoretical framework for the study. The data include six purposively selected HIV/AIDS posters which focus on educating and counselling PLWHA, obtained from two state hospitals in south-western Nigeria. The multimodal communicative acts include those of instructing, advising, beckoning, encouraging, warning and informing. Lead, Emblem, Announcement and Enhancer are obligatory elements while Display, Tag and Call-and-Visit Information are optional elements. The study shows that there is heavy reliance on semiotic resources which signal the intended meaning of the producers of the posters.

Although HIV prevalence in South Asia is relatively low, the epidemic is growing among marginalized groups, including sex workers, injection drug users, men who have sex with men, and transgender communities. Despite prevention and other efforts to reduce high-risk behaviors such as unprotected sex, buying and selling of sex, and injecting drug use, HIV vulnerability and risk remain high. This problem is partly due to a widespread failure to respond adequately to key social drivers of HIV: stigma and discrimination. Stigmatizing attitudes in the general population and discriminatory treatment by actors ranging from health providers to local policy makers intensify the marginalization of vulnerable groups at highest risk, driving them further from the reach of health services and much-needed prevention, treatment, care, and support. Daily harassment and abuse also cause health problems and adversely affect mental health, thereby leading to depression, social isolation, and an array of adverse socioeconomic outcomes related to HIV and AIDS. The South Asia Region Development Marketplace1 (SARDM) took an innovative and unique approach to addressing these gaps and needs through its 2008 development marketplace, \"tackling HIV and AIDS stigma and discrimination.\" Part one of this reports describes key findings and lessons learned that emerged across the 26 implementers. Part two contains case studies for six of the implementers, offering a more in-depth look at the lessons and challenges of intervening against stigma and discrimination. Part three provides summaries of all 26 projects.