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CONGOLESE INTELLIGENTSIA, REBUILDING THE STATE AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN FIZI TERRITORY, SOUTH-KIVU, R. D. CONGO/INTELLIGENTSIA CONGOLAISE, REFONDATION DE L'ETAT ET DEVELOPPEMENT LOCAL EN TERRITOIRE DE FIZI, SUD-KIVU, R. D. CONGO
Several authors have demonstrated, through theoretical and empirical studies, that democratic institutions play a very important role in the economic growth process. By clearly defining the mechanisms for accession to power and alternation of power, democratic regimes inhibit political destabilization. Most of the population of Fizi Territory, in the province of South Kivu, lives from agriculture, fishing, livestock breeding, small-scale trade and artisanal mining. Following the cyclical instability observed since the independence of Congo-Zaire in 1960, the Territory of Fizi has remained a red zone. The Force Bendera dam, Lake Tanganyika and the RN5, the main sources of local development, have never been exploited. Until 2008, the political intelligentsia navigated blindly without any local development planning tools. The long-awaited basic elections never took place. Sovereignty at grassroots level was violated and is now in the hands of the protectors of the land. As a result, the rebuilding of the now non-existent state is a real and pressing priority. Identity-based violence must be banished by all means.
Journal Article
Tiriti o Waitangi 101
Te Tiriti о Waitangi is often described as the foundation document of Aotearoa New Zealand and this is true, but it is also key moment in a journey that began with the first encounters between Maori and European, both positive and negative that began in earnest in the late eighteenth century. The Treaty was an agreement between two nations and international law gives clear guidance that such a treaty gives precedence to the language of the signatories over the language of those who propose it. Government attacks Maori rights The coalition Government formed in late 2023 has declared war on all things Maori, including, both minor parties seeking to reduce the rights of Maori in law.
Journal Article
Elite Politics and Sovereignty in The Democratic Republic of Congo. For Lasting Peace in The Fizi and Uvira Territories, South Kivu in D.R. Congo/ Elite politique et souverainete de la republique democratique du Congo. Pour la conquete de la paix des territoires de Fizi et Uvira, Sud-Kivu en R.D. Congo
Respect for the sovereignty of Congo-Kinshasa is an issue that has remained a preoccupation. This has been the case since its birth on July 1, 1885, in the Berlin Conference. This sovereignty has been flouted both internally and externally for 138 years. Intra--and inter-community tensions have taken root in every territory, with Fizi and Uvira being particularly hard hit. There is a real contrast with the euphoria that would have us believe that the post-colonial period would be one of celebration and universal deliverance, of man's rise to the highest degree of his symbolic faculties, etc. Jean Claude Willame describes the dreams of the first Congolese \"evolues\", auxiliaries of white power, as being about the beautiful cars, mansions, etc., that they would be able to acquire at the moment of independence. Thomas Kanza puts it this way: \"We were happy to be ministers ... we used to discuss which offices we would occupy, where we would live, how we would divide up among ourselves. The various regimes since the assassination of the 1st Prime Minister Patrice-Emery Lumumba to Felix Antoine Tshisekedi, have been characterized by the \"zombification of power\" and the decline of democratic governance.
Journal Article
