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Soybean is one of the most important oil seed crops. However, soybean seed is structurally weak and inherently short-lived, making the crop vulnerable to long period storage. Thus, it is crucial to study the effect of storage conditions on the quality of soybean seeds ( Glycine max L.). The genetic material consisted of 10 soybean varieties, whose seeds were stored under both cooling (refrigerator) and room temperature conditions and were subsequently subjected to germination test, electric conductivity test and estimation of free fatty acids percentage. In order to determinethe long-term effects of storage on seed quality, all genotypes were subjected to accelerated ageing at 40℃ up to 48 days and viability equation was used to determine the Ki value. Overall findings revealed the significant effect of storage conditions on seed quality and, at the same time, underlined the beneficial effect of storage under cooling conditions, which is expressed as higher germination percentage, reduced electric conductivity and free fatty acids percentage and improved storage longevity. Further, our data provide conclusive evidence for the qualitative superiority of the varieties Adonai, Celina and Neoplanta, especially upon storage under cooling conditions, as they were characterized by higher germination percentage and improved tolerance to storage (storage potential).

Due to the increased world demand for soybean products, Kazakhstan farms sharply increased soybean production. At the same time, there were problems with the safety of products, the lack of special equipment for its storage due to the rather difficult weather conditions. When collected in such weather, it is impossible to wear even during the night, as this can lead to self-heating and, as a result, to a decrease in quality and losses. In addition, the newly harvested grain must ripen for 3-4 weeks. This process is characterized by the release of water and the absorption of heat. At this time, the grain must be well ventilated, otherwise it spoils from the accumulation of moisture. Finally, at high humidity and temperature, the grain may begin to germinate, which is associated with the consumption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats. Along with this, rodents and birds cause great damage. The object of the study is the process of storing soybeans in containers with active ventilation. It is proposed to use widely used containers of various capacities. The aim of the study is to provide scientific substantiation of main parameters of the container-modular equipment for the storage of soybeans with active ventilation in conditions of farms. To substantiate the 20, 30, 40 ton container-modular equipment for the storage of soybeans with active ventilation in farm conditions, the method of calculating the intake units is adopted. This is a classic method of selecting a pneumatic transporter with nominal parameters, as well as the least squares method using the MATLAB program, which is necessary for obtaining optimal equipment parameters. As a result of the research, proposed container-modular soybean storage technology with active ventilation in farm conditions in counting per standard 40, 20, 10 t containers.

Summary Anti‐nutritional factors in plant seeds diminish the utilization of nutrients in feed and food. Among these, protease inhibitors inhibit protein degradation by exogenous proteases during digestion. Through conventional and selection‐gene‐free genome editing using ovules as explants, we used simplex and multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 for studying the impact of chymotrypsin inhibitor CI‐1A, CI‐1B and CI‐2, Bowman‐Birk trypsin inhibitor, Serpin‐Z4, and barley ɑ‐amylase/subtilisin inhibitor on barley and soybean storage protein degradation. Mutants were generated in the commercial cultivar Stairway, having a high level of protease inhibition, and the barley model cultivar Golden Promise, having a lower inhibition level. In Golden Promise, all individual knockouts decreased the inhibition of the three proteases α‐chymotrypsin, trypsin and the commercial feed protease Ronozyme ProAct significantly. The triple knockout of all chymotrypsin inhibitors further decreased the inhibition of α‐chymotrypsin and Ronozyme ProAct proteases. Degradations of recombinant barley storage proteins B‐ and C‐hordeins were significantly improved following mutagenesis. In Stairway, a single knockout of CI‐1A almost compares to the effect on the proteases achieved for the triple knockout in Golden promise, uncovering CI‐1A as the major protease inhibitor in that cultivar. The Stairway mutant demonstrated significantly improved degradation of recombinant barley hordeins and in the soybean storage proteins glycinin and β‐conglycinin. The results of this study provide insights into cereal protease inhibitor genes and their negative effects on the degradation of barley storage protein and the most important plant protein from soybeans. The study suggests a future focus on plant protease inhibitors as a major target for improving feed and food protein digestibility.

Fermented soymilk (soymilk yogurt) was made by fermenting soymilk with five probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917, Lactobacillus casei DSM 20011, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 20552, Lactococcus thermophilus DSM 20259, and Bifidobacterium longum B41409) that were used as monocultures and combined with them as consortia cultures. Seven pathogenic strains, E. coli O157H7, S. aureus As4, S. typhimurium As3, S. shigae As2, L. monocytogenes As1, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and B. cereus Dsmz 345, were used to study the antibacterial activity of fermented soymilk by agar well diffusion assay. Results indicated that Gram-negative pathogenesis was more sensitive to probiotic cultures than Gram-positive pathogenesis. E. coli O15H7, S. typhimirium As3, and Shigella shigae As2 were more sensitive to probiotic cultures, presenting inhibition zone diameters (IZA) ranging from 10 to 20 mm, 12 to 16 mm, and 10 to 16 mm, respectively. At the same time, P. aeruginosa Atcc 27853 showed the lowest (IZA), ranging from 3 mm to 8 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined at various concentrations of soymilk fermented by T1, T4, and T5, ranging from 0.031 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL against pathogenic bacterial strains. The sensory properties of FSM were evaluated, and sensory analysis during soymilk fermentation showed significant improvement. The effect of shelf life (storage period) on FSM quality and properties was evaluated; during shelf life (storage period), FSM saved its properties and quality after 28 days of cold storage. Finally, it was stated that the soymilk yogurt can be used as a substitute for buffalo and cow milk for therapeutic feeding in the future.

Superior agricultural yields are obtained from seeds which have a high physiological potential, these are conserved in the post-harvest stage. Thus, it is crucial to implement post-harvest projects with appropriate technologies related to the equipment used and the control of operations. This article presents a review of the technical-kinetic developments in the area of the technology of processing post-harvest soybean seeds, with a particular focus on the evolution and current circumstances of the sector. The findings from this research reveal significant technological advances in the drying, processing and storage of seeds at different levels and in various areas of soybean production. In drying systems, temperatures of up to 40°C are recommended, while seed batches must remain static in drying chambers. When processing and standardizing seeds, it is recommended that low-moving equipment and abrupt contacts with mechanical systems, such as pneumatic and gravity separators, be employed to minimize dropping and contact with seeds. In soybean storage, the applications of technologies that can control temperature and relative humidity, and also maintain the storage moisture content in a hygroscopic balance are recommended. The storage of seeds in coated big bags and artificial cooling; a controlled and modified atmosphere serve to preserve essential seed qualities. This review concludes that over the years, there has been a reduction in the cumulative losses due to post-harvest processes.

Soybean is the primary source of vegetable protein and is used for various purposes, mainly to feed animals. This crop can have diverse seed coat colors, varying from yellow, black, brown, and green to bicolor. Black seed coat cultivars have already been assigned as favorable for both seed and grain production. Thus, this work aimed to identify genes associated with soybean seed quality by comparing the transcriptomes of soybean seeds with contrasting seed coat colors. The results from RNA-seq analyses were validated with real-time PCR using the cultivar BRS 715A (black seed coat) and the cultivars BRS 413 RR and DM 6563 IPRO (yellow seed coat). We found 318 genes differentially expressed in all cultivars (freshly harvested seeds and seeds stored in cold chamber). From the in silico analysis of the transcriptomes, the following genes were selected and validated with RT-qPCR: ACS1, ACSF3, CYP90A1, CYP710A1, HCT, CBL, and SAHH. These genes are genes induced in the black seed coat cultivar and are part of pathways responsible for ethylene, lipid, brassinosteroid, lignin, and sulfur amino acid biosynthesis. The BRSMG 715A gene has almost 4times more lignin than the yellow seed coat cultivars. These attributes are related to the BRSMG 715A cultivar’s higher seed quality, which translates to more longevity and resistance to moisture and mechanical damage. Future silencing studies may evaluate the knockout of these genes to better understand the biology of soybean seeds with black seed coat.

Soybean vegetative storage proteins (S-VSPs) are lysine-rich leaf proteins, originally found to accumulate to high levels in depodded soybean plants. In the present study, we overexpressed S-VSP beta , the ruminant stable subunit of the S-VSP genes, in transgenic tobacco plants. The S-VSP beta protein accumulated in all organs studied, but its level declined drastically with leaf age. This instability of S-VSP beta could be overcome either by elevating free lysine levels or by coexpressing S-VSP beta with S-VSP alpha . High levels of rumen-stable, lysine-rich proteins is expected to improve absorption of lysine by ruminants. Furthermore, the expression of S-VSPs in heterologous plants led to a significant increase in total soluble lysine, suggesting that these proteins may also permit better assimilation of lysine by humans and monogastric animals.

Key messageWe characterize GFP expression driven by a soybean glycinin promoter in transgenic soybean. We demonstrate specific amino acid-mediated induction of this promoter in developing soybean seeds in vitro.In plants, gene expression is primarily regulated by promoter regions which are located upstream of gene coding sequences. Promoters allow transcription in certain tissues and respond to environmental stimuli as well as other inductive phenomena. In soybean, seed storage proteins (SSPs) accumulate during seed development and account for most of the monetary and nutritional value of this crop. To better study the regulatory functions of a SSP promoter, we developed a cotyledon culture system where media and media addenda were evaluated for their effects on cotyledon development and promoter activity. Stably transformed soybean events containing a glycinin SSP promoter regulating the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were generated. Promoter activity, as visualized by GFP expression, was only observed in developing in planta seeds and in vitro-cultured isolated embryos and cotyledons from developing seeds when specific media addenda were included. Asparagine, proline, and especially glutamine induced glycinin promoter activity in cultured cotyledons from developing seeds. Other amino acids did not induce the glycinin promoter. Here, we report, for the first time, induction of a reintroduced glycinin SSP promoter by specific amino acids in cotyledon tissues during seed development.

To evaluate the effect of treatment with β-conglycinin, a major soyabean protein, on blood lipids in menopausal women, we recruited 100 hyperlipidaemic women aged 40–60 years old. Participants were randomly allocated to three groups: placebo group (n 34, four casein tablets/d); low dose group (n 33, four tablets containing 2·3 g β-conglycinin/d); high-dose group (n 33, eight tablets containing 4·6 g β-conglycinin/d). The mean serum TAG concentration was significantly reduced after 6 and 12 weeks of β-conglycinin intervention by 0·44 (sd 0·20) and 0·78 (sd 1·03) mmol/l in the low-dose group, and by 0·46 (sd 0·17) and 1·25 (sd 1·06) mmol/l in the high-dose group, respectively. One-way ANOVA revealed that serum TAG concentrations in the low-dose and high-dose groups were significantly lowered compared with the placebo group at weeks 6 and 12 (P< 0·05). The low dose and high dose consumptions of β-conglycinin significantly decreased the LDL-cholesterol concentration by 0·46 (sd 0·72) and 0·52 (sd 0·97) mmol/l at week 12, respectively (P< 0·05). Compared with the changes from baseline in the placebo group, apoB and NEFA were significantly lowered in both the low-dose and high-dose β-conglycinin groups (P< 0·05). In conclusion, the results suggest that β-conglycinin intake significantly decreases serum TAG and LDL-cholesterol levels.

Soybean is an utterly important crop for high-quality meal protein and vegetative oil. Soybean seed protein content has become a key factor in nutrients for livestock feed as well as human dietary consumption. Genetic improvement of soybean seed protein is highly desired to meet the demands of rapidly growing world population. Molecular mapping and genomic analysis in soybean have identified many quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seed protein content control. Exploring the mechanisms of seed storage protein regulation will be helpful to achieve the improvement of protein content. However, the practice of breeding higher protein soybean is challenging because soybean seed protein is negatively correlated with seed oil content and yield. To overcome the limitation of such inverse relationship, deeper insights into the property and genetic control of seed protein are required. Recent advances of soybean genomics have strongly enhanced the understandings for molecular mechanisms of soybean with better seed quality. Here, we review the research progress in the genetic characteristics of soybean storage protein, and up-to-date advances of molecular mappings and genomics of soybean protein. The key factors underlying the mechanisms of the negative correlation between protein and oil in soybean seeds are elaborated. We also briefly discuss the future prospects of breaking the bottleneck of the negative correlation to develop high protein soybean without penalty of oil and yield.