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Objective/Context: The initial decades following the Spanish foundation of Quito were pivotal for shaping its peri-urban spaces. Between 1534 and 1575, three colonization strategies were crucial for producing the space surrounding the colonial city of Quito: Hispanic municipal governance, asymmetrical alliances with indigenous authorities and evangelization. This article explores the intervention in the landscape of Añaquito, on the outskirts of the town of Quito, where distinct agricultural zones were demarcated alongside Christian landmarks and circumscriptions, and places of memory were recognized in association with the acknowledgment of indigenous jurisdictions. The production of this landscape is approached through colonial urban ideals, memory production, linked to colonial governance, and subsequent Christianization of the space. Methodology: The analysis is based on municipal council records, letters from the king or the Council of the Indies to the municipality, and documents regarding land disputes and jurisdictions held in the General Archive of the Indies in Seville. The analysis of these documents focuses on what they tell us about space. Originality: While the urban layout of Quito has been extensively examined, no studies emphasize the significance of peri-urban space. This study’s relevance lies in calling attention to the peri-urban space and demonstrating how Spanish colonization was projected physically and ideologically onto the landscape adjacent to the city, the peri-urban space, during its early stages. The multidimensional colonization of the Añaquito landscape shaped it physically and redefined its meaning. These contributions will undoubtedly shed light on the formation of peri-urban space in other colonial cities. Conclusions: The landscape produced in the plains neighboring the city of Quito, the peri-urban space, was shaped and provided with meanings due to various colonial strategies of domination. Objetivo/contexto: Las primeras cuatro décadas tras la fundación española de Quito fueron claves para la producción del espacio “periurbano”. En efecto, entre 1534 y 1575, tuvieron un peso gravitante tres estrategias coloniales de control para la formulación del espacio de transición entre la ciudad y el campo: la gobernanza municipal hispana, las alianzas asimétricas con las autoridades indígenas y la evangelización. Este artículo se ocupa de la intervención en el paisaje de Añaquito, a las afueras de la villa de Quito. Allí se demarcaron zonas agrícolas diferenciadas, se colocaron hitos (estacas de madera) y se demarcaron circunscripciones ligadas a la cristianización, además de reconocerse lugares de la memoria asociados a jurisdicciones indígenas. Metodología: Desde una perspectiva espacial, se analizan actas del Cabildo y cartas del rey o del Consejo de Indias al Cabildo, así como expedientes del Archivo General de Indias sobre disputas de tierras y jurisdicciones. Originalidad: Aunque la traza urbana de Quito ha sido ampliamente abordada, no hay estudios que resalten la producción del espacio “periurbano”. La relevancia de este trabajo reside no solo en identificar lo “periurbano” como significativo, sino también en mostrar cómo se desplegó física e ideológicamente la colonización española en sus inicios sobre el paisaje aledaño a la ciudad. La colonización multidimensional del paisaje de Añaquito no solo lo moldeó físicamente, sino que también lo resignificó. Estos aportes ofrecen pistas para la investigación de la formación del espacio “periurbano” en otras urbes coloniales. Conclusiones: El paisaje producido en la planicie aledaña a la ciudad de Quito, el espacio periurbano, se demarca y dota de significados como resultado de estrategias de dominación colonial. Objetivo/Contexto: As primeiras quatro décadas após a fundação espanhola de Quito foram fundamentais para a produção do espaço “periurbano”. De fato, entre 1534 e 1575, três estratégias de controle colonial desempenharam um papel fundamental na formulação do espaço de transição entre a cidade e o campo: a governança municipal hispânica, as alianças assimétricas com as autoridades indígenas e a evangelização. Este artigo trata da intervenção na paisagem de Añaquito, nos arredores da cidade de Quito. Foram demarcadas zonas agrícolas diferenciadas, estacas de madeira foram colocadas e circunscrições ligadas à cristianização foram feitas para demarcar o local, além do reconhecimento de lugares de memória associados a jurisdições indígenas. Metodologia: A partir de uma perspectiva espacial, analisamos as atas do Cabildo e as cartas do rei ou do Conselho das Índias para o Cabildo, bem como os arquivos do Arquivo Geral das Índias sobre disputas de terras e jurisdição. Originalidade: Embora o traçado urbano de Quito tenha sido amplamente discutido, não há estudos que destaquem a produção do espaço “periurbano”. A relevância deste trabalho não está apenas em identificar o “periurbano” como significativo, mas também em mostrar como a colonização espanhola inicial se desdobrou física e ideologicamente na paisagem ao redor da cidade. A colonização multidimensional da paisagem de Añaquito não apenas a moldou fisicamente, mas também a ressignificou. As contribuições apresentadas oferecem indícios para a investigação da formação do espaço “periurbano” em outras cidades coloniais. Conclusões: A paisagem produzida nas planícies que cercam a cidade de Quito, o espaço “periurbano”, é demarcada e dotada de significados como resultado de estratégias de dominação colonial.

The paper aims at advancing our understanding of the architecture and diversification dynamics of industrial ecosystems, and identifying policies for the innovative industrial renewal of mature economies. Industrial ecosystems are here defined as multi-tiered production systems involving heterogeneous agents operating in sectoral value chains and contributing to the capability domains of the ecosystem (and its participants) with closely complementary but dissimilar sets of resources and capabilities. The geographical boundaries of the industrial ecosystem are shaped by the evolving interdependencies linking organisations within the ecosystem and by the new linkages consolidating beyond that. Thus, the industrial ecosystem is a structured production space centred mainly on its productive organisations, as well as other institutions, intermediaries and demand-side actors, purposefully involved in co-value creation processes along various types of diversification and innovative industrial renewal trajectories. Drawing on a five-year research programme in the Emilia Romagna industrial ecosystem, a number of case studies are introduced to highlight these trajectories and the underpinning structural learning dynamics. The paper concludes by identifying a number of policy implications, focusing on strategies for enhancing the structural readiness of the industrial ecosystem and promoting smart diversification and innovative industrial renewal policies.

This study examines two proximate yet theologically and spatially disparate religious spaces in Seoul: the Jeoldusan Martyrs’ Shrine (Korean: 절두산 순교 성지; hereafter “Jeoldusan Martyrs’ Shrine”) and the Yanghwajin Protestant Cemetery (Korean: 양화진 묘원; hereafter “Yanghwajin Cemetery”). We propose the concept of isomorphic heterotopias and discuss the logic of intersecting memories. Drawing on Foucault’s concept of heterotopia and cultural memory theory, the study finds that the Jeoldusan Martyrs’ Shrine, through architectural enclosure, the exhibition of relics, and pilgrimage rituals, foregrounds the vertical redemption of martyrs’ flesh and faith, reinforcing ecclesiastical discourse and collective salvation narratives. In contrast, at Yanghwajin Cemetery, through dispersed tombstone layouts, egalitarian epitaph inscriptions, and public commemorative activities, the study finds that the site presents the dialectic of the martyr spirit within a secular spiritual space and individual testimonies. Despite their spatial heterogeneity, their geographic proximity generates a dialogical memory field: the vertical sacrality of the shrine is refracted through the cemetery’s horizontality, while the cemetery’s public spirit resonates with the shrine’s liturgical framework. This dialogical memory field, shaped by shared physical environments and common public narrative platforms—generates a long-term coexistence without convergence, producing a spatial relationship of “non-integrative entanglement” born of antagonism. At the same time, these sites are not isolated spatial fragments; rather, through urban governance, they are woven into the same memory politics network, forming an “isomorphic heterotopia.” Through politically inflected discursive narratives, both sites facilitate multidirectional flows of memory, preserving their respective “canons” while re-contextualizing each other within the same urban memory network. In doing so, they engage in an ongoing process of mutual rereading and co-construction, producing a re-contextualization of spatial memory and shaping a “composite historical sensibility” that, in turn, contributes to the city’s character.

PurposeTechnologies are dramatically reshaping various aspects of the store space, modifying design, services and usage. Accordingly, several studies tackled technology impact on each of these aspects, investigating design, service and usage singularly, but lacking a holistic viewpoint. Thus, this paper aims to identify the different dimensions of the store space (levels) and assess the impact of technology introduction on store space dimensions (levels).Design/methodology/approachThe research employs a qualitative approach based on direct observations of apparel brand stores located in London between March and April 2023. Data collection followed a structured observation protocol covering store information, adopted technologies and their effects across various store space levels, i.e. consumption activities, service environment and customer experience.FindingsResults show that the store space can be defined as the sum of different dimensions consisting of consumption activities, service environment and customer experience. Accordingly, technology introduction holistically influences each of the three store space levels as follows: (1) first, technologies redefine how activities are performed or alters the location where certain activities are consumed; (2) within the service environment, technologies replace traditional elements, fill empty spaces and enhance the atmospherics; finally, (3) customer experience is enhanced in hedonic and/or utilitarian terms due to technology adoption.Originality/valueThis paper defines the space as a dynamic entity, providing a deeper understanding of how the store space is produced, from a holistic point of view and the role of retail technology in this process.

With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, China’s metropolitan areas have experienced dramatic transitions of land use, which has had a profound impact on the eco-environment. Accordingly, the contradictions of regional production, living, and ecological spaces have intensified. In this context, analysis of the dynamics of regional production–living–ecological (PLE) spaces has become an important entry point for studying land use transition and its eco-environmental effects, by constructing a classification system of PLE land functions. Using remote sensing data from four periods from 1985 to 2018, this paper explores the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of PLE spaces and their eco-environmental effects in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration, based on GIS and the InVEST model. The results revealed that from 1985 to 2018, the living space of the BTH region expanded rapidly, the production space gradually shrank, and the ecological land remained relatively stable. The eco-environmental quality index within the study area shows obvious regional differences, demonstrating the spatial distribution of “high in the northwest and low in the southeast”, and an overall deteriorating trend in the past 33 years. Moreover, the carbon density decreased gradually from northwest to southeast, and the transformations from production land into living land and from ecological land into production land were the major types of eco-environment deterioration. Our findings will provide guidelines for land use management, and offer references for the functional division of PLE spaces and ecological civilization construction, especially in terms of the coordinated development of the BTH region.

In this contribution, we will attempt, in line with the legacy left to us by Abdelmalek Sayad, to start from spatial conditions in order to analyse more broadly the national/not national representations made by the descendants of Algerians, born and raised in France. The investigation will be based on ethnographic research carried out in the Belsunce neighbourhood in Marseille, which began in September 2022 and ended in September 2023. The questions the research aims to answer are: what is the representation of spaces made by young descendants of Algerians? How does the neighbourhood participate in the production and reproduction of the national/non-national categorisation (Sayad, 1979a; 1979b) that affects the descendants of migrants? The article therefore questions the description of Belsunce made by some young descendants of Algerians women and men who live there or work there. Through their words, their reflections and the observation of the spatial practices they implement, it is possible to notice how Belsunce, and therefore Marseille as a whole, is the product of the persistent effects of the colonial organisation of space and also how the neighbourhood participates in the reproduction of processes of colonial categorisation and racialisation; French/non-French, national/non-national, civilised/uncivilised, integrated/barbarians. Confirming that space is not only structured but also structuring.

A growing literature on evolutionary economic geography concludes that regional industrial evolution is path-dependent and is determined by the preexisting industries. This study more accurately calculates the industry relatedness based on the cooccurrence approach to portray the production space of China's manufacturing sectors and then examines the impact of industry relatedness on regional industrial evolution. The findings report that industry relatedness does underscore the regional structural change in China but shows significant regional differences in the evolution path. The coastal region has strong tendency of path dependence in its industrial evolution, while North West and South West break the path-dependent trajectory and transition into high productive sectors distant from their own production network. The results suggest that governmental policies can play a crucial role in creating new paths in the West. Institutions matter to allow the significant role of industry relatedness in driving regional industrial evolution.

The paper uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), spatial autocorrelation analysis, and geographic detectors to reveal the spatial pattern of agricultural production space suitability in China, explores the impact mechanism of agricultural production development, and explores the optimization and promotion strategies for the development of regional agricultural production in various regions in the future. The results show that the resource and environmental carrying capacity, and the agricultural production space suitability under the direction of China’s agricultural production function, show a ‘polarization’ development trend in space, with high levels in the southeast and low levels in the northwest, with significant spatial agglomeration. The factors influencing the suitability of agricultural production have significant spatial differentiation laws in the Nine Agricultural Areas of China. Climate change factors are the dominant factors affecting the areas with poor resource endowment and traditional agricultural areas in the northwest. Factors that reflect the level of urbanization are the main factors that affect the agricultural production space suitability in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and South China. China’s agricultural production spatial suitability areas can be divided into nine types of suitable geographical areas. In the future, the impacts of climate change and urbanization on agricultural production space should be considered, and strategies should be taken, according to local conditions, in different regions to improve their suitability.

Forest parks are among the most important reserves. Forest recreation reflects the time requirements for resource usage and economic coordination for sustainable development. Human activities in forest parks are a major force for continuing space production. However, with the rapid development of forest recreation, expanded spaces and excessive expectations make sustainable development a great challenge. Analyzing the spaces of forest recreation; making conclusions about the spatial features; and analyzing requests regarding multiple characters, multi-functions, and land usage are all done through the process of space production, which based on the \"Three Dimensions.\" According to the problems of space alienation occurring in forest recreation, this paper proposes that the logic of space governance should return to the nature of the Three Dimensions itself. \"Space justice production\" and \"reconstruction of we\" should also offer countermeasures and advice for building a classification mechanism for the rights, responsibilities, and interests of recreation spaces; establishing recreation space control zones and strategies; and promoting space expansion simulations and facility scale measurement. The construction of spatial relationships and forms of social, ecological, and natural justice is necessary to offer a new method of space production and consumption balance for natural reserves.