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\"Foundations of Geometric Cognition presents an empirically inspired theory of geometric cognition. The book explains how language and diagrams provide cognitive scaffolding for abstract geometric thinking within a context of Euclidean systems of thought. Hohol argues that geometric cognition is founded on our basic spatial abilities and requires interactions between concrete spatial representations and abstract linguistic ones. Drawing on research from diverse fields including psychology, cognitive science, and mathematics, this book is a must-read for anyone interested in the burgeoning field of geometric cognition\"-- Provided by publisher.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of MK-801 and its effect on lesion volume in rat models of acute brain injury. Data Sources: Key terms were \"stroke\", \"brain diseases\", \"brain injuries\", \"brain hemorrhage, traumatic\", \"acute brain injury\", \"dizocilpine maleate\", \"dizocilpine\", \"MK-801\", \"MK801\", \"rat\", \"rats\", \"rattus\" and \"murine\". PubMed, Cochrane library, EMBASE, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang database, the VIP Journal Integration Platform (VJIP) and SinoMed databases were searched from their inception dates to March 2018. Data Selection: Studies were selected if they reported the effects of MK-801 in experimental acute brain injury. Two investigators independently conducted literature screening, data extraction, and methodological quality assessments. Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes included lesion volume and brain edema. The secondary outcomes included behavioral assessments with the Bederson neurological grading system and the water maze test 24 hours after brain injury. Results: A total of 52 studies with 2530 samples were included in the systematic review. Seventeen of these studies had a high methodological quality. Overall, the lesion volume (34 studies, n = 966, MD = −58.31, 95% CI: −66.55 to −50.07; P < 0.00001) and degree of cerebral edema (5 studies, n = 75, MD = −1.21, 95% CI: −1.50 to −0.91; P < 0.00001) were significantly decreased in the MK-801 group compared with the control group. MK-801 improved spatial cognition assessed with the water maze test (2 studies, n = 60, MD = −10.88, 95% CI: −20.75 to −1.00; P = 0.03) and neurological function 24 hours after brain injury (11 studies, n = 335, MD = −1.04, 95% CI: −1.47 to −0.60; P < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis suggested an association of reduction in lesion volume with various injury models (34 studies, n = 966, MD = −58.31, 95% CI: −66.55 to −50.07; P = 0.004). Further network analysis showed that 0-1 mg/kg MK-801 may be the optimal dose for treatment in the middle cerebral artery occlusion animal model. Conclusion: MK-801 effectively reduces brain lesion volume and the degree of cerebral edema in rat models of experimental acute brain injury, providing a good neuroprotective effect. Additionally, MK-801 has a good safety profile, and its mechanism of action is well known. Thus, MK-801 may be suitable for future clinical trials and applications.

P208; 本文首先分析了地理空间认知的心理学起源与发展现状,介绍了地理空间认知经典理论及影响,指出了地理空间认知和认知地理空间的根本区别:尽管两者都需要人工智能的支持,前者旨在了解人脑在空间任务中的工作机理,后者则注重利用传感技术和计算机视觉建立、维护地理空间的动态数字孪生体;然后,讨论了地图作为空间认知的双向工具的作用和研究方法,重点是眼动跟踪试验以及它们在交互方面的优势;最后,指出了人工智能新时期地理空间认知的3个发展方向——语义计算认知、脑科学认知机制和具身认知,并概述了核心地图空间认知的平行发展和特点.

We present a model of how neural representations of egocentric spatial experiences in parietal cortex interface with viewpoint-independent representations in medial temporal areas, via retrosplenial cortex, to enable many key aspects of spatial cognition. This account shows how previously reported neural responses (place, head-direction and grid cells, allocentric boundary- and object-vector cells, gain-field neurons) can map onto higher cognitive function in a modular way, and predicts new cell types (egocentric and head-direction-modulated boundary- and object-vector cells). The model predicts how these neural populations should interact across multiple brain regions to support spatial memory, scene construction, novelty-detection, ‘trace cells’, and mental navigation. Simulated behavior and firing rate maps are compared to experimental data, for example showing how object-vector cells allow items to be remembered within a contextual representation based on environmental boundaries, and how grid cells could update the viewpoint in imagery during planning and short-cutting by driving sequential place cell activity.

Recent discoveries have emphasized the role of the vestibular system in cognitive processes such as memory, spatial navigation and bodily self-consciousness. A precise understanding of the vestibular pathways involved is essential to understand the consequences of vestibular diseases for cognition, as well as develop therapeutic strategies to facilitate recovery. The knowledge of the \"vestibular cortical projection areas\", defined as the cortical areas activated by vestibular stimulation, has dramatically increased over the last several years from both anatomical and functional points of view. Four major pathways have been hypothesized to transmit vestibular information to the vestibular cortex: (1) the vestibulo-thalamo-cortical pathway, which probably transmits spatial information about the environment via the parietal, entorhinal and perirhinal cortices to the hippocampus and is associated with spatial representation and self-versus object motion distinctions; (2) the pathway from the dorsal tegmental nucleus via the lateral mammillary nucleus, the anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus to the entorhinal cortex, which transmits information for estimations of head direction; (3) the pathway via the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, the supramammillary nucleus and the medial septum to the hippocampus, which transmits information supporting hippocampal theta rhythm and memory; and (4) a possible pathway via the cerebellum, and the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (perhaps to the parietal cortex), which transmits information for spatial learning. Finally a new pathway is hypothesized via the basal ganglia, potentially involved in spatial learning and spatial memory. From these pathways, progressively emerges the anatomical network of vestibular cognition.

Spatial cognition is a daily life ability, developed in order to be able to understand and interact with our environment. Even if all the senses are involved in mental representation of space elaboration, the lack of vision makes it more difficult, especially because of the importance of peripheral information in updating the relative positions of surrounding landmarks when one is moving. Spatial audio technology has long been used for studies of human perception, particularly in the area of auditory source localisation. The ability to reproduce individual sounds at desired positions, or complex spatial audio scenes, without the need to manipulate physical devices has provided researchers with many benefits. We present a review of several studies employing the power of spatial audio virtual reality for research in spatial cognition with blind individuals. These include studies investigating simple spatial configurations, architectural navigation, reaching to sounds, and sound design for improved acceptability. Prospects for future research, including those currently underway, are also discussed.

Abstract Spatial ability has long been regarded as important in STEM, and mental rotation, a subcategory of spatial ability, is widely accepted as the cognitive ability with the largest gender difference in favor of men. Multiple meta-analyses of various tests of spatial ability have found large gender differences in outcomes of the mental rotation test (MRT). In this paper, we argue that more recent literature suggests that the MRT is not a valid measure of mental rotation ability. More importantly, we argue that the construct of “spatial ability” itself has been co-constructed with gender, and thus has not been devised in a neutral way, but in a manner that is influenced by gender beliefs. We discuss that though spatial thinking is also required in feminized fields, past research has cast spatial ability as only necessary in masculinized STEM fields. Due to a prevailing belief that spatial ability was an inherently male ability, researchers “selectively bred” some spatial assessment instruments to maximize gender differences, rather than to precisely measure a spatial construct. We argue that such instruments, of which the MRT is one, cannot validly assess between-group differences, and ideas about biological or evolutionary causes of sex differences in spatial ability lack empirical evidence. Instead, the co-construction of gender and spatial ability better explains observed patterns. We also provide recommendations for spatial researchers moving forward.